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■n

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

HENRY W. 5ENSHAW, Chief

NORTH AMERICAI^ FAUNA

IsTo. 37

[Actual date of publication, April 7, 1915]

REVISION OF THE AMERICAN MARMOTS

BY

ARTHUR H. HOWELL

ASSISTANT BIOLOGIST, BIOLOGICAL SUEVEY

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OEPIOE
1916

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OP BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

HENKY W. HENSHAW, CUeJ

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA

N"o. 37

[Actual date of publication, April 7, 1915]

REVISION OF THE AMERICAN MARMOTS

BT

ARTHUR H. HOWELL

ASSISTANT BIOLOGIST, BIOLOGICAL SUEVET

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1915

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

United States Department of Agriculture,

Bureau of Biological Survey,
WasUngton, D. C, October 21, 1914.
Sm: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication as
North American Fauna No. 37 a revision of the American marmots,
by Arthur H. Howell, assistant biologist of the Biological Survey.

Although marmots are found over most of the United States and
Canada, the relationships and ranges of the several species until now
have been very imperfectly known. The present report furnishes
descriptions of 26 forms and contains a series of maps showing their
geogi-aphic distribution. In many localities marmots are a decided
pest to agiiculture, especially in the East, both because they are
destructive to crops and because their burrows seriously interfere
with farming operations. Moreover, marmots are known to carry
the germs of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other diseases. The
animals are hence of considerable economic importance.
Respectfully,

Henry W. Henshaw,
Chief, Biological Survey.

Hon. David F. Houston,

Secretary of Agriculture.

2

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 5

History and nomenclature 5

Vernacular names 7

Habits 8

Burrows 9

Hibernation 10

Breediag 12

Food 12

Economic status 13

Marmots as carriers of disease 14

External characters 15

Pelage and molt 16

Melanism 17

Material examined and acknowledgments 17

Explanation of cranial measurements . 18

Genus Marmota 18

Groups 18

■ List of American species and subspecies, with type localities 19

Key to American species and subspecies • 20

Descriptions of American species and subspecies 21

Marmota monax gxo\x^ 21

Table of cranial measurements 35

Marmota flaviventris group 36

Table of cranial measurements 55

Marmxjta caligata grovLip 56

Table of cranial measurements 72

Explanation of plates 74

Index 79

i

1

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

[Plate I, frontispiece; Plates II-XV, following page 77.]

Plate I. Golden-mantled marmot (Maraio^a flaviventris Jiosophora) .

II. Skins of Marmota olympus and M. fiaviventris obscura, showing molt.

III. Hind feet of American marmots, showing sole pads.

IV. Ci-ania and mandibles of Marmota fiaviventris dacota, M. monaxmonax, M. cali-

gata oxytona, M. fiaviventris sierrae, M. monax rufescens, and M. caligata
caligata.

V. Skulls (upper views) of Marmota monax monax, M. monax rufescens, M.
mo7iax preblorum, and M. monax ignava.
VI. Skulls (upper views) of Marmota monax canadensis, M. monax petrensis, M.
monax ochracea, and M. fiaviventris warreni.
VII. Skulls (upper views) of Marmota fiaviventris fiaviventris, M. fiaviventris

parvula, M. fiaviventris avara, and M. fiaviventris engelhardti.
VIII. Skulls (upper views) of Marmota fiaviventris nosophora, M. fiaviventris
luteola, M. fiaviventris dacota, and M. fiaviventris obscura.
IX. Skulls (upper views) of Marmota olympus, M. caligata oxytona, M. van-

couverensis, and M. caligata caligata.
X. Skulls (upper views) of Marmota caligata cascadensis, M. caligata nivaria, M.

caligata ohanagana, and M. caligata oxytona.
XI. Skulls (lower views) of Marmota monax monax, M. monax rufescens, M,
monax preblorum, and M. monax canadensis.
XII. Skulls (lower views) of Marmota monax ignava, M. fiaviventris warreni, M.
monax ochracea, and M. caligata nivaria.

XIII. Skulls (lower views) of Marmota fiaviventris fiaviventris, M. fiaviventris par-

vula, M. fiaviventris avara, and M. fiaviventris engelhardti.

XIV. Skulls (lower views) of Marmota fiaviventris nosophora, M. fiaviventris

dacota, M. fiaviventris luteola, and M. fiaviventris obscura.
XV. Skulls (lower views) of Marmota olympus, M. Vancouver ensis, M. caligata
caligata, and M. caligata cascadensis.

TEXT FIGUEES.

Page.

Fig. 1. Distribution of the Marmota monax group 23

2. Distribution of the Marmota fiaviventris group 38

3. Distribution of the i/amoia caZijrato group 58

4

No. 37. NOETH AMEEIOAN FAUNA. April, 1915.

REVISION OF THE AMERICAN MARMOTS.

By Arthur H. Howell.

INTRODUCTION.

The American marmots, more often called woodchucks or ground
hogs, are among the best known of our native wild mammals. They
naturally divide into three distinct groups: (1) The woodchucks
(Marmota monax group) of eastern United States and Canada; (2) the
yellow-footed marmots {M.jlaviventris group) of western United States
and southern British Columbia; and (3) the hoary marmots {M. cdligata
group), chiefly restricted to the higher mountains of western North
America. The present paper is a revision of the American species
only, as it was not possible at this time to include a discussion of the
Eurasian forms of the genus.

HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE.

Widely distributed, in many places abundant, diurnal in habit, and
frequently destructive to crops, the eastern species (monax) quickly
attracted the attention of the early settlers, and through the medium
of skins or captive animals sent to Europe soon became known to
.naturalists.

The first reference in literature to the American marmots dates
from 1703, when Baron La Hontan pubhshed a very brief account of
the woodchuck of eastern Canada, based on his observations in the
region about Lake Champlain.^ The name "siffleur" which he ap-
phed to the animal was carried by the French voyageurs throughout
the northwestern fur countries and stiU is current among the French
Canadians of the Eastern Provinces.

Catesby, in 1743, gave a brief description of the eastern woodchuck
under the name of ''The Monax,"^ and a few years later, in 1747,
Edwards pubhshed a more extended account with a very inaccurate
figure of the animal under the title of "The Monax or Marmotte of
America."^ Edwards's description and figure were copied by many
subsequent authors and furnished also the basis of the first technical

iLa Hontan, Baron de. Voyages dans I'Amerique, 1703, p. 81.
2Catesby, Mark. Nat. Hist, of Carolina, etc., II, 1743, App., p. xxvili.
3 Edwards, George. Nat. Hist. Uncommon Birds, II, 1747, p. 104, pi. civ.

6

NOKTH AMEBICAN FAUNA.

fNo. S7.

name applied to the species — Mus monax Linnaeus. > Wliile tlio figure
is wholly unrecognizable, the desciiption is sufficiently clear to war-
rant the use of the name bestowed by Linnaeus.

Erxleben, in 1777, named the Canadian woodchuck (now lecog-
nized as a subspecies of monax) "Olis" canadensis,'^ and Pallas in the
following year renamed it " Mus" empetra,^ both descriptions being
based on the "Quebec marmot" of Pennant.'* Blumenbach, in 1779,
named the genus Marmota,^ and Schrcber the following year intro-
duced the name Arctomys monax on a plate evidently copied from
Edwards's figure of "The Monax."® Schreber's generic name, though
of later date than Blumenbach's, received general acceptance and
continued in common use for the marmots imtil the early years of the
present century, when the name Marmota was restored as the proper
appellation of the genus.'' In 1788, Gmelin proposed the name
Arctomys pruinosa,^ based on the hoary marmot of Pennant, and
this name was used for that animal until 1888, when Tyirell showed
that it had been incorrectly applied and proposed to use in its place
Arctomys caligata Eschscholtz, first described in 1829.^

Sabine, in 1822, published an account of the American marmots,
recognizing three species: monax, empetra { = canadensis), and prui-
nosa ( = caligata) }° His descriptions of monax and pruinosa were
copied from previous authors, but that of empetra was drawn from
a specimen in the British Museum, and furnished apparently the
first correct description of any American marmot. The first accurate
drawing of an American species is that of the Canadian woodchuck
published by Kichardson in the Fauna BoreaH- Americana (1829).

In 1836 King, recognizing clearly that pruinosa of Gmehn was
not apphcable to the hoary marmot, but overlooking Eschscholtz's
name caligata, proposed the name Arctomys olcanaganus for a marmot
of this group obtained in southern British Columbia, and gave a very
full and accurate description and a good figure of the animal, drawn
from a Hving specimen which he sent to the Zoological Gardens in
London.'^ His name, however, was not accepted by zoologists, and
pruinosa continued in use for many years. The specimen taken by
King was seen by Audubon in London, and furnished the basis of his

'The use of the name "monax" by both Catesby and Edwards independently (Edwards states tliat he
had never seen an account of the animal) indicates that it came from the vernacular — a theory which is
strengthened by the fact that the animal is still called "moonack" in parts of southern Virginia.

2 Erxleben, J. C. P. Syst. Anim., Mamm., 1777, p. 363.

3 Pallas, P. S. Nov. Spec, dir., 1778, p. 74.

< Pennant, Thomas. Syn. Quad., 1771, p. 270, Plate 24, fig. 2.

s Blumenbach, J. F. Handb. dor Naturgesch., I, 1779, p. 79.

cSchreber, J. C. D. von. Siiugthiere, pi. coviii, 1780; text, IV, 1782, p. 737.

' Trouessart, E. L. Cat. Mamm., Suppl., 1904, p. 343.

8 Gmelin, J. F. Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, p. 144.

sTyrrell, J. B. Proc. Can. Inst., 3d Ser., VI, 1888, p. 88.
"Sabine, Joseph. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, 1822, pp. .'j79-.591.
" King, R. Narr. Joum. to Shores of Arctic Ocean, II, 1836, pp. 232-248.

1915.]

IFTRODUCTION.

7

figure of the hoary marmot in the ''Quadrupeds of North America,"
but the illustration is colored much too brown to represent the animal
correctly. In the work referred to ^ the authors gave also an ex-
tended account and a good drawing of the eastern woodchuck, and
a shorter account, with a figure, of the yeUow-beUied marmot of
western North America, first described by them in 1841 under the
name Arctomys fiaviventer. This is the first appearance in literature
of the widely distributed group of yellow-footed marmots, and the
work of Audubon and Bachman was the first treatise in which all
three groups of American species were recognized.

Little advance in knowledge of the genus was made for nearly half
a century, and the three groups {monax, fiaviventris, and caligata) con-
tinued to be known by only a single species in each. The Canadian
woodchuck, so clearly described by Sabine and Richardson, was con-
sidered by both Baird and Allen to be identical with monax (of which
it is, indeed, a subspecies) and the names based on it {canadensis
Erxleben, empetra Pallas, melanopus Kuhl) were placed by them in
sjnionymy, but were later revived by several authors.^

In 1$89 Merriam described dacota, a member of the fiaviventris
group, from the Black Hills, S. Dak.; and in 1898, olympus, a member
of the hoary marmot group, from the Olympic Mountains, Wash. In
1899 Bangs named ignava from Labrador and avara from southern
British Columbia; in 1905 J. A. Allen described engelhardti from
Utah; in 1909 Heller proposed vigilis for a hoary marmot from
Alaska; in 1911 Swarth named ochracea from Alaska and vancouver-
ensis from British Columbia; and in 1912 Holhster proposed the name
sihila for a hoary marmot from the northern Rocky Mountains, but
as this name was found to be preoccupied the species was renamed
by him oxytona in 1914. The present writer, after making a prehmi-
nary study of the group, added, in 1914, 10 new forms to the 13 cur-
rently recognized.^ Two additional new races are here described and
one old name {okanagana) is revived, making a total of 26 forms rec-
ognized in this revision.

VERNACULAR NAMES.

The marmots of the monax group are known in the Northern States
as woodchucks, and in the Southern States as ground hogs, the Euro-
pean name marmot being practically unknown in eastern North
America. In eastern Canada, among the French Canadians, the
name "sifileur" is current, and in central Canada the Cree Indian

1 Audubon & Baclmian. Quad. N. Am., 1, 1841, pp. 16-24,fpl. ii; III, 18.54, pp. 17-20, pi. ciii; pp. 160-162,
pi. cxxxiv.

2Rlioads, S. N., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 30; Allen, J. A., Bui. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., X,
1898, p. 456; Preble, E. A., N. Am. Fauna No. 22, 1902, p. 47; Ibid., No. 27, 1908, p. 159.
'HoweU, A. H. Proc. Biol. Soo. Washington, XXVn, 1914, pp. 13-18.

8

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. 37.

name "wemisk" is generally used. In southern Vii-gmia, as I am
informed by Edward A. Preble, the woodchuck is locaDy known as
'•moonack," wliich is probably a corruption of the original name
"monax" used by both Catesby and Edwards.

The yellow-footed marmots (flaviventris group) are commonly
called woodchucks or rockchucks, more rarely ground hogs or marmots.

Tlie hoary marmots (coMgata group) are most often known as
ground hogs, whistlers or "silTleurs," sometimes as whistling "pigs,"
whisthng marmots, or "badgers. "

HABITS.

The eastern woodchucks hve for the most part in pairs or family
groups, the yellow-footed marmots in more or less scattered colonies,
while the hoary marmots are more strongly gregarious. All the
species Hve in burrows which they dig for themselves. In regions
where rock piles, rock ledges, or stone waUs occur the burrows are
usually excavated underneath or among rocks, but natural openings
in chffs are often utihzed for dens.

Eastern woodchucks (monax group), while preferring rocky bluffs
or stone walls for a habitation, often Uve in meadows devoid of rocks
and where the burrows are surrounded by an abundant growth of
grass or clover.

Yellow-footed marmots (flaviventris group) usually hve either on
rocky hillsides, in the crevices of chffs, or beneath rock piles in
meadows. They frequently make their burrows beneath unoccupied
buildings, but are never found far from hiUs, and are often abundant
in the higher parts of mountains.

Hoary marmots (caligata group), when Hving at timber line in the
mountains, as is their invariable habit in the southern part of their
range, are always found in or about rock slides, but in Alaska and
northern British Columbia, where they frequently descend to low
altitudes, they often make their burrows in grassy flats or on open
hillsides.

All the species are mainly terrestrial, but the eastern woodchucks
occasionally chmb into trees and bushes. They are not at home,
however, in such situations, and as a rule may easily be dislodged.
The tree-climbing habit appears to be more strongly marked in the
woodchucks of the Mississippi Valley than in those inhabiting the
Atlantic States. Charles Aldrich, of Webster City, Iowa, has re-
corded an instance of a woodchuck ascending an oak tree to a height
of 40 feet,^ and Dr. F. W. Langdon states that in Ohio he has seen
one descend the perpendicular trunk of a large sugar maple, head
first.' In Minnesota and Wisconsin, as I am informed by Vernon

1 Aldrich, Charles. Am. Naturalist, XV, 1881, p. 737.

2 Langdon, F. W. Journ. Cincinnati Soo. Nat. Hist., Ill, 1880, p. 306.

1915.]

INTKODUCTION.

9

Bailey and H. H. T. Jackson, it is a common occurrence for wood-
chucks to take to trees when pursued by dogs.

The eastern woodchuck is mainly diurnal, but occasionally is
found abroad at night also, especially by moonlight. Merriam says
of it:

In summer, throughout the farming districts, they commonly leave their burrowa
early in the morning, late in the afternoon, and during moonlight nights, but may
sometimes be found abroad at all hom's. As autumn approaches, and they become
more and more fat and sleepy, they usually appear only in fine weather, and then
but for a few hours in the hottest part of the afternoon.'

The yeUow-footed and hoary marmots are fond of sunning them-
selves on projecting points of rock where they are safe from attack
and may overlook a wide stretch of country. During cloudy and
stormy weather they are less active and spend a larger part of the
time in their burrows.

All the American ma,rmots when alarmed utter a loud, shriU
whistle, a habit apparently most pronounced in the hoary marmot,
whose notes are much stronger than those of the smaller species
and capable of being heard at a distance of more than a mile. This
habit has given the name "whistler" to the hoary marmot and
"siffleur" to the woodchuck of eastern Canada.

BURROWS.

Although originally living in the woods, the eastern woodchuck
prefers clearings for its abode, and, as a result of an abundance of
easily obtained food, is now probably much more numerous than in
primitive times. Its burrows are commonly excavated in the face
of a bluff, in a grassy meadow, or underneath a stone wall, a stump,
or the roots of a tree.

Merriam states that the burrows are of two principal types —

* * * the first slopes at a moderate angle from the suriace and has a mound of
dirt near its entrance; the other is more or less vertical for several feet (often a metre
or more) immediately below the surface, and no loose earth can be found in its neigh-
borhood. * * * As a rule they [the galleries] slant abruptly downward from the
entrance to a depth of from three to four feet * * * , whence inclining slightly
upward and usually curving to one side, they extend horizontally for a varying dis-
tance (commonly from 10 to 25 feet) * * *. Two or more short lateral branches
are generally given off from the main gallery, and lead, sloping upward and then
downward, to the more or less circular chambers that contain the animals' nests. It
has been my invariable experience to find these chambers above the level of the
bottom of the entrance incline, and I have seen one that was within a foot and a half

* * * of the surface. The nest itself is usually composed of dry grasses and
leaves and rarely exceeds a foot in diameter. * * * The main gallery or one of
its branches commonly terminates in a slight excavation, which is found to contain
the animal's excrement.^

1 Merriam, C. H. Mamm. of the Adirondacks, Trans. Linn. Soo. N. Y., II, 1884, p. 146.

2 Ibid., pp. 148-149.

10

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. nr.

William Hiibbcll Fisher excaviitccl and measured nine burrows of
the Avoodcliuck in LeAns County, N. Y., and has published a detailed
description of them, with diagrams. Tlie longest burrow which he
examined measured (including side branches) 44 feet 9^ inches; the
shortest, 6 feet 8^ inches; the deepest burrow was 49 inches below
the surface; the shallowest, 23 inches.^

No description of the burrows of the j^ellow-footod marmot has
come to the m-iter's notice, and the only knoA\ai' account of those of
the hoary marmots is that given by William H. Wright in his work
on the grizzly bear. Describing the manner in which a grizzly had
opened up a den of these marmots, he says:

The den ran in under several layers of loose flat rocks, some of wliicli were two or
tliree feet long by half as many wide, and several inches thick. These he had
ripped out easily and tlu-own down hill, and the dirt and small bowlders had been
hurled out and now covered the snow all about for a space of ten or twelve feet.

On the rocks and snow were large spots and blotches of blood, telling of the feast
that had rewarded his labors, and that there had been more than one marmot was
shown by the numerous tracks. These animals had burrowed down some six or se^•en
feet into the side of the mountain, and under a large flat stone they had scooped
out a little cave, some three feet in diameter, where they had a soft bed of grasses
that they had carried in. TVTien the grizzly broke his way into their home there
had been a great rush for freedom.

The marks in the snow indicated that all the marmots had been
devoured by the bear.^

HIBERNATION.

All the species hibernate for periods varying from 4 to 6 months.
Merriam states that in New York, along the western border of the
Adirondacks, the woodchuck usually goes into winter quarters
between the 18th and 25th of September and reappeai's the middle
or latter part of March; in early springs folloAving mild winters, he
adds, "woodchucks occasionally appear in February, but reenter
their burrows and again become dormant if the temperature falls." ^
Bachman states that he once observed a woodchuck in New York
State on October 23 sunning himself at the mouth of his burrow, and
also in the same State saw one killed by a dog on March 1 .* Extreme
dates of occurrence for this region are: Februaiy 22, Adirondack
Mountains, N. Y., specimen in the Merriam collection; and Novem-
ber 20, Fort Miller, N. Y., one seen by Dr. E. A. Mearns.^ In the
more southern States, hibernation covers a shorter period, as indicated
by the occurrance of the animals at the base of Roan Mountain,
N. C, as early as February 7 and as late as October 23. Other dates

> Fisher, W. H. Jour. CinciDBati Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1893, pp. 105-123.
2 Wright, W. II. The Grizzly Bear, London, 1909, p. 82.

' Merriam, C. H. Mamm. of the Adirondack-s, Trans. Linn. Soc. N. Y., 11, 1884, pp. 143-144.

* Audubon & IJachman. Quad. N. Am. 1, 18-19, p. 20.

' Meama, E. A. Bui. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 1898, p. 337.

1915.]

INTKODUCTION.

11

of late occurrence are as follows: October 6, Teslin Lake, Yukon;
October 17, Dowagiac, Mich.; October 25, Johnson County, Iowa.
Hahn states that in southern Indiana woodchucks usually retire about
the middle of October and begin to clean out and enlarge their
burrows during the last days of February.^

The yellow-footed marmots go into hibernation between the
middle of August and the first of October, the date varying with the
altitude and local conditions. Individuals living in the valleys
retire earlier than those living higher up in the mountains. Warren
states that in Gunnison County, Colo., this species dens up about
the first of October, but individuals are sometimes seen much later.^
AUan Brooks states (in epistle) that at Okanogan Landing, British
Columbia, practically all these marmots disappear before the middle
of August, but he has occasionally seen their tracks as late as eajrly
October'. In the mountains of Montana and Wyoming this species
usually enters hibernation during the last of August or the first of
September; Biological Survey field parties have never found the
animals later than the first week in September. In the Bitterroot
Valley, Mont., the first one seen in the spring in 1910 was on March
24, and by April 1 they were numerous; ia 1911 one was seen there
by Bernard Bailey, on March 13. In western Oregon extreme dates
of occurrence are: February 4 (Klamath Lake), and September 25
(Mount Hood).

The hibernating period of the hoary marmot begins the last of
September or first of October. Near Talletuey Lake, British Colum-
bia, Edward A. Preble found the species stiU active a few hundred feet
above timber line on September 23 and 25, but none was seen after
the latter date. Like the yeUow-footed species, the hoary marmots
retire earlier in the valleys than in the mountains. Heller states
that at Valdez Narrows, Alaska, the species went into hibernation
about the middle of September.^

Bachman thus described his observations of a pair of hibernating
marmots :

In the summer of 1814, in Rensselaer County, in the State of New York, we marked
a hurrow which was the resort of a pair of marmots. In the beginning of November
the ground was slightly covered with snow, and the frost had penetrated to the
depth of about an inch. We now had excavations made in a Kne along the burrow
or gallery of the marmots, and at about twenty -five feet from the mouth of the hole;
both of them were found lying close to each other in a nest of dried grass, which did not
appear to have been any of it eaten or bitten by them. They were each rolled up,
and looked somewhat like two misshapen balls of hair, and were perfectly dormant.
We removed them to a haystack, in which we made an excavation to save them from
the cold. One of them did not survive the first severe weather of the winter, having,

1 Halm, W. L. Mamm. of Indiana, 1909, pp. 481-482.

2 Warren, E. R. Mamm. of Colorado, 1910, p. 148.

' Heller, Edmund. Univ. of California Pub. Zool., V, 1910, p. 339.

12

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. .^7.

as we thought on examining them, been frozen to death. The other, the male, was
now removed to a cellar, where he remained in a perfectly dormant state until the
latter part of February, when he escaped before wo were aware of his rcanimatiou .
We had handled liim only two days previously, and could perceive no symptoms of
returning ^ivacity.'

Tlie following account of a yellow-footed marmot {Marmota jlavi-
ventris subsp.) foimd in midwinter in the Silver Mountain tunnel at
Opliir, Colo., probably indicates a common method of hibernation
in that species :

* * * [He] had packed in grass for a nest, and taken up his winter quarters. He was
rolled up like a ball, with his forcpaws over his eyes; we pulled his paws away, and
his eyes were closed; all our efforts to awake him were f utile; he would yawn like a
boy that had been disturbed when sleeping soundly, return his paws to his eyes, and
curl himself up in his original position. ^

BREEDING.

The eastern woodchuck usually produces from 4 to 6 young at a
birth. Bachman states, however, that on two occasions he counted
7 and on another 8 young in a litter, and H. H. T. Jackson infonus
me that he once saw a litter of 9. In New York State, according to
Merriam, this species brings forth its young the last of April or first
of llaj. In the Southern States they are born somewhat earlier.

The yellow-footed marmots breed at about the same season as
their eastern relatives and produce from 3 to 8 young at a birth. In
the Bitterroot Valley, Montana, 5 females collected between April 8
and April IG were pregnant,' the number of embryos being in most
cases 5 or 6 (in one case 3). Young marmots were out in numbers
in that region on May 30. Warren states that an individual of this
species collected at Sulphur Springs, Colo., on May 4, contained 8
embryos.^

The hoary marmots probably breed somewhat later than their
smaller relatives, but little information on tliis point is available. A
female specimen of Marmota caligata nivaria, taken May 27, 1895, near
St. Marys Lake, Mont., contained 5 embryos. Swarth states that
in southern Alaska young individuals of M. c. caligata were seen
running about in the middle of June, but on Vancouver Island, dur-
ing the first three weeks of July, no young ones [of M. vancouverensis]
had yet emerged from the burrows.^

FOOD.

The principal food of the eastern woodchuck is clover, alfalfa, and
grass, and the animals do considerable damage to these crops both

1 Audubon <Si Bachman. Quad. N. Am., 1, 1849, p. 22.

2 Osbom, S. E. The Observer, III, 1892, p. 32.

3 Warren, E. R. Maram. of Colorado, 1910, p. 148.

•< Swarth, H. S. Univ. of California Pub. Zool., X, 1912, p. 90.

1915.]

INTRODUCTION.

13

by consuming the forage and by trampling down much that they
do not eat. Cultivated crops and orchard trees are occasionally
injured by them, but the damage usually is not serious. Evermann
and Clark 'state that in Indiana woodchucks —

* * * sometimes damage young corn plants and occasionally feed on the leaves
of pumpkin, squash, and bean vines. They sometimes visit the kitchen garden
and do more or less damage to the cabbage heads and celery. '

Brooks, writing of the woodchuck in West Virginia, says:

* * * Feeds on com in the roasting-ear, which it procures by breaking down the
stalks; is also fond of pumpkins, young beans, grass and other cultivated crops. Fre-
quently gnaws and scratches the bark of young fruit trees

Hahn mentions capturing a woodchuck in a sassafras tree and
finding its stomach gorged with sassafras leaves.^ Dr. Witmer Stone
states that the woodchuck sometimes eats cantaloupes.

The food of yellow-footed marmots is similar to that of eastern
woodchucks, but probably includes a larger proportion of wild plants
and less grass and clover. Vernon Bailey found in the stomachs of
the Black HiUs marmot flowers, leaves, and green seeds of various
plants, including Astragalus hisulcatus and Sedum douglasii. In dry
excrement of marmots at Spokane Bridge, Wash., he found the seeds
of AmelancTiier alnifolia and Ruhus nutkanus. Birdseye states that
the marmots in the Bitterroot Valley, Montana, feed on timothy,
clover, alfalfa, dandehons, and other native plants. He says:

In hayfields they consume a very considerable amount of feed; and beans, carrots,
potato vines, cabbage, and other garden truck are almost sure to suffer whenever
woodchucks have access to them.*

Little is known definitely concerning the food habits of hoary
marmots, but they doubtless feed, like the other species, on grass
and the tender leaves and stems of native plants.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

As already shown, the food habits of the American marmots
make the animals a decided pest wherever they occur about culti-
vated lands. In this respect the woodchucks of the Eastern
States are the chief ofl'enders, and the farmers of that region wage
constant warfare on the animals, with indifferent success. Where
the woodchucks occupy mowing lands they not only consume con-
siderable grass and tread down much more which can not be cut by
a mowing machine, but their burrows and mounds make it difficult
and dangerous to operate a mower. Horses sometimes are injured
by stepping into the holes made by woodchucks, and the knives of

1 Evermann & Clark. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., XVII, 1911, p. 13.

2 Brooks, F.E. Report W. Va. Board Agr. for 1910 (1911), p. IS.

^Hahn, W. L. Mamm. of Indiana, 1909, p. 482. •■
* Birdseye, Clarence. Farmers' Bui. 484, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1912, p. 28.

14

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. 37.

the macliiues are liable to be dulled or broken by running into piles
of earth or rocks. Vernon Bailey states that he has seen an acre of
oats on a hillside in New York State almost ruined by a family of
woodchucks, their trails having broken down most of the grain wkich
the}' had not cut to eat.

The fur of the American marmots is not at present used com-
mercially, but the hides of hoary marmots are employed to some
extent by the Indians of western Canada for maldng robes. The fur
of this animal is fully as good as that of the European and of some of
the Asiatic species, all of which figure extensively in the fur trade.
Furthermore, the American animal is larger than most of the Eura-
sian species, and the color pattern of its skin is such as to make a
very handsome natural fur. If a sufficient number of these pelts
could be secured in late autumn when they are in prime condition
there would seem to be every reason for utilizing them in the fur
trade. In parts of Alaska and northern British Columbia the
animals are very abundant, and Indians of that region annually cap-
ture large numbers both for fur and flesh. The yeUow-footed
marmots are considerably smaller than the hoary marmots, but their
pelage is long, full, and silky, and could readily be made into a very
attractive fur. The pelage of the eastern woodchuck is much coarser
and thinner and bas never been considered pi much value for fur;
the hides, however, are tough and durable and might bo utihzed for
some kinds of leather. Farmers' boys often tan the skins of the
eastern woodchuck and make them into shoe strings, whip lashes, baU
covers, or mit facings.

The flesh of marmots is said to be palatable and in certain regions
of the Northwest furnishes an important food supply for the native
Indians.

MARMOTS AS CARRIERS OF DISEASE.

For many years the opinion has generally prevailed that the mar-
mots of central Asia are in some way concerned in the spread of the
plague, and this theory was accepted even as late as 1911 by the
members of the International Plague Conference held at Mukden in
April of that year. Accounts have frequently been pubhshed in
medical hterature of the appearance of the disease among "tar-
bagan" ^ hunters under circumstances pointing strongly to the
possibility of infection from handling the animals or consuming their
flesh, but unfortunately none of these accounts shows bacteriological
evidence of the existence of the plague among marmots, nor do they
demonstrate conclusively that the disease is contracted in any way
from the animals.^

1 This Is the name applied In medical literature to the marmots or Asia. It is said to be of Mongolian
origin. The Russian name of the animal is "churok."
J See especially an article by Dr. Frank G. Clemow, Jour. Trop. Medicine, February, 1900, pp. 169-174.

1015.]

IFTKODUCTIOK.

15

The last great outbreak of pneumonic plague in Manchuria, during
the winter of 1910-11, was supposed to have started among tar-
bagan hmters in the town of ManchouH, a station on the Trans-
Siberian Railway, whence it spread rapidly southward along the rail-
way to Harbin and Mukden. Efforts were made during the progress
of this epidemic to locate the disease among the native marmots,^
and a number of individuals captured near Mukden were inoculated
experimentally by Prof. Zabolotny and found susceptible to plague
infection. One individual suffering from the disease was brought to
him, this being the only known instance of the natural appearance of
plague among marmots.^ More recently a systematic effort has been
made by the Chinese Government to discover the disease in nature,
but the evidence obtained is wholly of a negative character.^

The experimental evidence just mentioned and the close relation-
ship of marmots to ground squirrels, which are known to carry plague
on the Pacific coast of North America, warrant looking upon these
animals with suspicion whenever they occur in a plague-infested region.

One American species — the golden-mantled marmot (Marmotajlavi-
ventris nosopJiora) — is known to assist in spreading the deadly spotted
fever by serving as host for the fever tick (Dermacentor venustus) ,hoth.
in adult and nymphal stages. Over 200 ticks have been taken from a
single wild marmot, and when in captivity the species has been shown
to be susceptible to spotted fever.* Since this marmot is not utihzed
for fur there is relatively httle danger of the spread of the disease to
other regions through the medium of the animals, but every effort
should be made to exterminate them where they occur about culti-
vated lands or in the vicinity of dwelhngs. Suggestions for destroy-
ing marmots are given in Farmers' Bulletin 484, United States De-
partment of Agriculture.

EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.

In the American marmots the body is thickset and clumsy; the
head short and broad; the legs short and stout; and the tail rather
short (about one-fifth to one- third of the total length) , densely haired,
and slightly flattened. The nose is broad and blunt, covered with
hair to the edge of the nostrils, and the ears are short, broad, rounded,
and well-haired. Tufts of long black bristles grow from the side of
the head, one directly behind the nose, another imderneath and
between the eye and ear, and a third shorter tuft over the eye ; small
scattered bristles also are found under the chin. The eyes are rather

1 The marmot of Mancliuria, although generally referred to in plague literature as Arctomys hobac, is in
all probability Marmota sibirica, specimens of which, collected at Urga, Mongolia, are in the U. S. Na-
tional Museum.

2 Strong, R. P. Kept. Intern. Plague Conference held at Mukden, April, 1911. Manila, 1912.
8 Dr. Wu Lien Teh (G. L. Tuck). The Lancet, London, Aug. 23, 1913, pp. 529-535,

« Birdseye, Clarence. Farmers' Bui. 484, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1912, p. 28.

16

NOBTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. ST.

small and nearly or quite circular. The feet are robust, with stout,
slightly curved fossorial claws, those on the fore feet somewhat
heavier; the thumb of the front foot (in the American species) is
rudunentary and often very small, but bears a broad, flat nail; the
thii-d digit is the longest, the second and fourth subequal, the fifth
decidedly shorter; the pahn is naked, bearing 3 pads at the bases
of the digits and 2 larger posterior ones; on the hind foot the third
digit is slightly longer than the subequal second and fourth, the fifth
and fii-st successively much shorter; the sole is naked except at the
heel and bears 6 pads, 4 at the bases of the digits and 2 posterior to
them. The mammae niunber 5 pairs, except in the monax group, in
which there are usually but 4 pairs. In M. monax, according to
Baird, "there is a short, shallow cavity between the muscles of the
jaw and the cheek, attaining a depth perhaps of haK an inch or less
and occupying the place of the internal pouch of Tamias and Sper-
mopJiilm [Citellus]." ^

PELAGE AND MOLT.

The pelage of the American marmots consists of hairs of two lands —
a dense, soft, and somewhat woolly xmderfur, confmed chiefly to the
back and sides; and longer, somewhat coarser hairs covering the
whole body, intimately mixed on the back with the tmderfur and
projecting beyond the tips of the latter. The underfm' is of two
colors, usually some shade of gray or dark brown tipped with a
lighter color, generally a shade of gray, buff, cinnamon, or reddish
brown. The long hairs are also of two colors, usually a shade of
brown, hazel, or black, tipped with a Hghter shade — buff or white.
The tips of the imderfm* usually show through the long hairs, and
form an important element in the general color tone of the pelage.
The hairs on the head and feet are shorter than on the rest of the body,
and are unicolor to the roots; those on the tail are long and coarse,
their bases of a darker shade than the tips. The hair on the under-
parts is shorter and sparser than on the back and is without imderfm:

The pelage is renewed annually in summer, usually in August
sometimes in July or even Jime. Individuals taken in early spring,
soon after emerging from hibernation, are usually in full, long pelage,
but by midsmnmer the pelage often becomes very much Worn and
faded. There seems to be no uniform method of molting, the new
pelage sometimes appearing in patches on various parts of the body.
In a specimen of Marmota olympus, taken August 28, the new pelage
was coming in in large patches, the molt being farthest advanced on
the middle of the back, with streaks of new hair along the sides of the
neck and body. (See PI. II.) In another individual of the same
species, taken August 18, new hair was coming in on the rump and

1 Balrd, S. F. Mamm. N. Am., Kept. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacif., VIH, 1857, p. 340. The author has
had no opportunity to examine specimens of any of the groups in the flesh, so docs not know whether this
character is possessed by all.

1915.]

INTRODUCTION.

17

hinder back, the old intimately mixed with the new. In an immatm:'e
individual of M. caligata cascadensis, taken August 5, new pelage
covered all of the body except the rump and tail. A somewhat
similar condition is shown by an adult individual of M. monax prei-
lorum, taken July 11, the new pelage coming in over the entire
upperparts, farther advanced on the fore back and shoulders. In
a specimen of M. flaviventris nosopTiora, taken Jime 7, the molt was
just beginning in two patches on the hinder back. In a specimen of
M. f. obscura, taken July 27, new pelage appears in the form of a
band on the middle of the back reaching from the top of the head
to the rump. (See PI. II.)

MELANISM.

Melanism is most strongly developed in the subspecies Marmota
caligata vigilis. occupying the region around Glacier Bay, Alaska. In
this race some individuals are entirely black except for a few grayish
hairs on the sides and neck, and small whitish patches on the under-
parts and nose. No purely black specimens of M. monax have been
seen, but a melanistic phase is rather common in New York and
New England. The darkest specimen seen (from Lake George, N. Y.)
is dark blackish brown all over, except the head and face, which are
mixed mummy brown and benzo brown. Other specimens from
New York State are dark chestnut-brown. Vernon Bailey states that
he has seen a very few black individuals in Minnesota.

A dark phase occurs also in M. flaviventris luteola, but this can
hardly be said to be melanistic (see description under that species).
A curious specimen of M.f. avara from Pullman, Wash., has the tips
of the hairs of the head, fore back, and most of the underparts dark
blackish brown, the hinder back being pale grayish mixed with dark
brown.

MATERIAL EXAMINED AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

The present revision is based on a study of 1,051 specimens, 722
of which are contained in the U. S. National Museum, including
the Biological Survey and the Merriam collections; the remainder
(329 specimens) have been borrowed from other museums and from
private collections. For the loan of this material I desire to extend
my thanks to the following: Dr. J. A. Allen, of the American Museima
of Natural History; Messrs. Samuel Henshaw and Outram Bangs, of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology; Dr. Witmer Stone, of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Dr. W. J. HoUand and
Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, of the Carnegie Museum; Dr. A. G. Ruthven,
of the University of Michigan; Messrs. Charles B. Cory and W. H.
Osgood, of the Field Museum of Natural History; Mr. C. D. Bunker,
of the' Kansas University Musemn; Prof. C. C. Nutting, of the Uni-
versity of Iowa; Mr. J. D. Figgins, of the Colorado Musemn of Natural

18

NOBTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. 37.

History; Dr. Joseph Grinnell, of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
University of California; !Mi\ P. A. Taverner, of the Victoria Memorial
Museum; Mi-. Arthur H. Ilelme, of MiUer Place, N. Y.; Mr. H. II. T.
Jackson, of the Biological Survey; and Mr. Edward R. Warren, of
Colorado Springs, Colo.

EXPLANATION OF CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS.

Measurements of skuUs of marmots, in millimeters, have been taken
as follows:

Condylo-hasal length. — From posterior border of condyle to most
anterior point of premaxillae.

Palatal length. — From posterior border of palate (disregarding
median process) to most anterior point of premaxillae.

Postpalatal length. — From posterior border of palate to inferior lip
of foramen magnum.

Length of nasals. — From most anterior point to most posterior
point.

Zygomatic breadth. — Greatest breadth across zygomata.

Breadth across mastoids. — Greatest breadth across mastoid processes.

Least interorhital breadth. — Shortest distance across frontals in
front of postorbital processes.

Breadth of rostrum. — Greatest breadth of rostrum at most anterior
points of maxillae.

Maxillary tooth row. — Alveolar length of maxillary molar-premolar
tooth row.

Genus MARMOTA Blumenbach..

Glis Erxleben, Syst. Regiii Aiiiiu., I, 1777, p. 358 (part). (Not Glis Brisson, 1762.)
Marmota Blumenbach, Handb. der Naturgesch., I, 1779, p. 79. Type, Marmota

alpina [=Mus marmota Linnaeus].
Arclomys Sclireber, Saugthiere, 1780, Plate CCVIII. Type, Mus monax Linnaeus.

GROUPS.

The American marmots embrace three very distinct groups as
follows: (1) The monax group — all the eastern woodchucks, the
Canada woodchuck, the British Columbia woodchuck and the ochra-
ceous woodchuck of Alaska and northern British Columbia; (2) the
flaviventris group — aU the yellow-footed marmots; and (3) the cali-
gata group — the hoary marmots, including the species caligata,
olympus, and vancouverensis. The characters of the various groups
are given in connection with the technical descriptions of the species.

A detailed study of Old World forms was not possible in the present
revision, but, so far as known, none of the American species has any
very near relative in Eurasia.^ Several groups are represented there,
some of the species resembling the caligata group in certain skull
characters, others apparently being more nearly related to the monax

> The species living in eastern Siberia has not been seen.

1915.]

LIST OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

19

group. Marmota marmota, the type of the genus, though widely
differing from the American species in the greater depth and convex-
ity of the cranium, resembles monax in the characters of the basi-
occipital, the shape of the postorbital processes, the relatively "wide
interorbital region, and the nearly parallel maxillary tooth rows.
Most of the Asiatic species, however, apparently are more closely
related to M. caligaia than to either of the other American groups.
The skulls of all American species, contrasted with those of the Eura-
sian species, show a marked flattening of the cranium, the dorsal
outline of the skull being decidedly more convex in practically all
Old World forms than in those of America. All the Eurasian species
differ also in coloration from the American forms. All the American
species possess a small rudimentary thumb bearing a flat nail — a
character present in most of the Asiatic species, but absent in M.
marmota of Europe.

List of American Species and Subspecies, with Type Localities.

Marmota monax group:

Marmota monax monax (Linnaeus)

monax rufescens Howell

monax preblorum Howell

monax ignava (Bangs)

monax canadensis (Erxleben)

monax petrensis nobis

monax ochracea Swarth

Marmota flaviventris group:

Marmota flaviventris flaviventris (Audu-
bon & Bachman)

flaviventris avara (Bangs)

flaviventris sierrae nobis

flaviventris parvula Howell

flaviventris engelhardti Allen

flaviventris nosophora Howell

flaviventris dacota (Merriam)

flaviventris luteola Howell

flaviventris warreni Howell

flaviventris obscura Howell

Marmota caligata group:

Marmota caligata caligata (Eschscholtz) .

caligata vigilis Heller

caligata sheldoni Howell

caligata oxytona HoUister

caligata ohanagana (King)

caligata nivaria Howell

caligata cascadensis Howell

Marmota olympus (Merriam)

Marmota vancouverensis Swarth

Maryland.

Elk Eiver, Minn.

Wilmington, Mass.

Black Bay, Labrador.

"Canada et ad fretum Hudsonis" —

fixed at Quebec, Quebec.
Eevelstoke, British Columbia.
Head of Fortymile Creek, Alaska.

"Mountains between Texas and Cali-
fornia " — fixed on Mount Hood, Oreg.

Okanogan, British Columbia.

Mount \Miitney, Cal.

Jefferson, Toquima Range, Nev.

Beaver Mountains, Utah.

Willow Creek, 7 miles east of Corvallis,
Mont.

Custer, S. Dak.

Woods P. 0., Medicine Bow Moim tains,

Wyo.
Crested Butte, Colo.
AVheeler Peak, N. Mex.

Bristol Bay, Alaska.
Glacier Bay, Alaska.
Montague Island, Alaska.
Head of Smoky River, Alberta.
Gold Range, British Columbia.
Mountains near St. Marys Lake, Mont.
Mount Rainier, Wash.
Olympic Mountains, Wash.
Mount Douglas, Vancouver Island, Brit-
ish Columbia.

20

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. 37.

Key to American Species and Subspecies.

[Based on typical aUuIUs.]

a. Upperparts mainly black and white (shaded with cinnamon -buff on rump).
6. Underparts mainly white.

c. Size small; condylo-basal length of $ skull less than 90 mm sheldoni {y>. G2).

cf . Size large; condylo-basal length of 9 skull more than 90 ram.
d. Skull shorter; condylo-basal length in 9 less than 98 mm... caZi^aia (p. 59).
d' . Sk\ill longer; condylo-basal length in 9 more than 98 mm.. niY'am (p. 66).
h' . Undeii:)arts dusky (blackish broAvn, soiled whitish, or clay color),
c. Skull relatively short and broad; condylo-basal length iu S less than 101
mm.; iu 9 less than 98 mm.
d. Nasals shorter, rarely extending back of posterior ends of premaxillac.

ohanagarta (p. 64).

d^. Nasals longer, always extending back of posterior ends of premaxillac.

vigilis (p. 61).

</. Skull relatively long and narrow; condylo-basal length in c? more than 101

mm.; iu 9 more than 95 mm.
d. Uppei-parts whiter; skull relatively broader (ratio of zygomatic breadth to

condylo-basal length 64-67) cascadensis (p. 67).

rf'. Upi^erparts blacker; skull relatively narrower (ratio of zygomatic breadth

to condylo-basal length 62-64) oxytona (p. 63).

a'. Upperparts mainly brownish, yellowish, drab, orbuffy.
h. Upperparts of solid colors (not grizzled),
c. Upperparts brownish drab, buffy, or russet olympus (p. 69).

t-'. Upperj^arts dark Vandyke bro^vn, blackish brown, or black.
d. Posterior border of nasals deeply emarginate; color dark vandyke brown.

vancouverensis (p. 70).

c". Posterior border of nasals not deeply emarginate; color blackish brown or

black vigilis (p. 61).

y. Upperparts of mixed colors (grizzled),
c. Sides of neck with conspicuous buffy patches.
d. Underparts distinctly reddish.

e. Crown chestnut warreni (p. 52).

e'. Crown blackish brown.
/. Long hairs on fore back with a sub terminal band of black or brown.

nosophora (p. 46).

Long hairs on fore back without a subterminal band of bkck or brown.

dacota (p. 49)

d'. Underparts not distinctly reddish.
e. Size smaller; condylo-basal length of 9 skull 71-80 mm.; of S skull

85-87.1

/. Fore back with a distinct buffy mantle.

g. Underparts darker; size smaller parvula (p. 44).

g'. Underparts paler; size larger avara (p. 41).

Fore back without a distinct buffy mantle engelhardli (p. 45).

e^. Size larger; condylo-basal length of 9 Bkull 77-90 mm.; of c? skull 84-97
mm.

/. Face markings and neck patches reduced obscura (p. 53).

/''. Face markings and neck patches prominent.

g. Hind feet darker (hazel or chestnut-brown) luteola (p. 50).

g^. Hind feet lighter (tawny to light buff).
h. Larger; condylo-basal length of c? skull more than 90 mm.; of 9

more than 84 mm fiaviventris (p. 39).

h'. Smaller; condylo-basal length of c? skull less than 90 mm.; of 9
loss than 84 mm sierrae (p. 43).

1 Adult male of parvula and engelhardli unknown.

1915.] MARMOTA MONAX GROUP. 21

c^. Sides of neck without conspicuous buffy patches.

d. Tail cinnamon ochracea (p. 34).

d^. Tail dark brown or black.
e. Colors pale (underfur on back light pinkish cinnamon to light gray at
tips; belly not deep red).
/. Skull larger; condylo-basal length more than 90 mm. monax (p. 22).

f. Skull smaller; condylo-basal length less than 90 mm.preblorum (p. 27).
e^. Colors dark (underfur on back pinkish cinnamon to orange-cinnamon at
tips; belly deep red).
/. Size smaller; condylo-basal length of J skull less than 82 mm.; of $

less than 80 mm canadensis (p. 30).

Size larger; condylo-basal length of c? skull more than 82 mm.; of 9
more than 80 mm.
g. Nasals relatively short and wide; width at posterior end in males

more than 11 mm ignava (p. 29).

g^. Nasals relatively long and narrow; width at posterior end in males
less than 11 mm.

h. Size larger; nasals longer, extending considerably back of posterior

end of premaxillae rufescens (p. 25).

Size smaller; nasals shorter, extending little, if any, back of pos-
terior end of premaxillae petrensis (p. 33).

DESCKIPTIONS OF AMERICAN SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.
Marmota monax Group.

[Characters under species.]
MARMOTA MONAX (Linnaeus).
[Synonymy under subspecies.]

External characters. — Size medmm;^ tail relatively short (about 20
to 25 per cent of total length); ears large; posterior pad on sole of
hind foot oval in shape and situated near middle of sole (see PL
III, fig. 3); mammae — P. f, A. ^, I. x = 8; head without white
marldngs (except around nose) ; sides of neck same color as upper-
parts; feet black or dark brown; fore legs overlaid with deep reddish-
colored hairs (hazel to burnt sienna); tail black, dark brown, or (in
ochracea) pinkish cinnamon.

Cranial characters. — Skull with superior outHne nearly straight, the
occipital region slightly depressed and rostrum considerably but not
abruptly depressed from about posterior border of premaxillae; brain-
case broad and noticeably flattened; interorbital region relatively
broad; postorbital processes heavy, projecting nearly at right angles
to axis of skull or slightly forward; width of nasals at posterior end
usually decidedly greater than width of nasal branches of premaxillae;
temporal ridges often not meeting in old age, or sometimes meeting
but not united (rarely fused into a sagittal crest) ; floor of basi-occipital
nearly flat, bordered on each side by low processes which converge
posteriorly and sometimes meet near inferior lip of foramen magnum ;

lAudubon and Bachman give the weight of one as 9 pounds 11 ounces; a writer in Forest and Stream,
LV, p. 424, gives the average weight of 158 as 10 pounds; heaviest, 13J pounds.

22

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. 87.

palate abrupt!}'' truncated at posterior border; intorptorygoid fossa
relative^ wide; palatal foramina contracted anteriorly; molar tooth
heavy; maxillary tooth rows approximatel.Y parallel; anterior face of
incisors yelloA\-ish white or ivory yellow to pale orango-vellow.

Color. — General tone of upperparts grayish- or reddish-brown, or
(in ochracea) vinaceous-cinnamon, grizzled with white, light buff, or
cinnamon-buff ; underfur of upperparts at base dark mouse gray to
blackish bro^^^l, succeeded by pallid neutral gray, light ochraceous-
buff. pinkish-, vinaccous-, or orange-cinnamon; long hairs dark
chestnut-bro^vn, blacldsh brown, or (in ochracea) orange-cinnamon,
tipped ^vith hght buff, pale ochraceous-buff, or white; top of head and
face varpng from dark hair-brown or benzo brown to Vandyke- or
clove-brown; sides of face light buff, ochraceous-buff, or white, mixed
\\T.th brown; borders of nose, lips, and chin, white or huffy white;
underparts buffy white, hght ochraceous-buff, pinkish cinnamon,
tawny, hazel, or burnt sienna, more or less varied with brown, the
bases of hairs often blacldsh brown or black; fore legs and feet black,
blacldsh brown, dark chestnut-brown, fuscous, or hazel (in ochracea),
the legs and thighs (except in ochracea) overlaid with burnt sienna,
Sanford's bro^vn, or tawny; hind legs and feet similar, but thighs
often paler, sometimes overlaid with pinkish cinnamon; tail black or
blacldsh broAvn, Vandyke- or clove-brown, or (in ochracea) pinldsh
cinnamon, more or less grizzled \viih. buffy white or cinnamon-buff;
ears drab-gray on both surfaces, often clothed mth fuscous hairs.

Geographic distribution. — From eastern Alaska (Fortymile Creek),
Great Slave Lake, York Factory (Hudson Bay), East Main and
Hamilton Rivers, Quebec, south to northern Idaho in the Rocky
Mountains, and east of the Great Plains to northern Arkansas, north-
ern Alabama, and southern Virginia; west in the United States to
eastern parts of North Dakota, Kansas, and Oldahoma. (See fig. 1.)

MARMOTA MONAX MONAX (Linnaeus).

Southern Woodchuck.

(PL IV, fig. 2; PL V, fig. 1; PI. XI, fig. I.)

[Mus] raonax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, p. 60.

[Glis] monax Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 361.

Arctomys monnx Schrcber, Siiugthierc, IV, 737, 1782; Plate CCVIII, 1780.

[Marrnoto] monax Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., SuppL, 1904, p. 344.

Type locality. — Maryland.

Distribution. — Middle eastern United States from Pennsylvania,
New Jersey (?), Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, south to the north-
ern parts of South Carohna, Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas; west
to eastern Kansas.

Cfiaracters. — Size large; colors pale, the underfur gra3dsh white;
underparts httle, if any, darker than upperparts; skuU massive.

1915.]

MARMOTA MONAX GROUP.

23

Color. — General tone grayish brown above, witli a faint buffy tinge;
underfur blackish brown at base succeeded by pallid neutral gray,
faintly (rarely strongly) tinged with Hght ochraceous-buff, strongest
on hinder back; long hairs blackish bro^na, broadly tipped with white

Fio. 1. — Distribution of the Marmota monax gi-oup. Unsliaded areas within the range of the group
indicate lack of definite knowledge as to the subspecies occurring there.

or buffy white; top of head and face varying from benzo brown to
clove brown; sides of nose and borders of lips and chin buffy white;
sides of face mixed browa and buffy white; feet and legs black or
blackish brown (rarely fuscous or dark chestnut-brown) , the hairs on
legs tipped with tawny or hazel; tail blackish brown, sparingly

24

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. 37.

grizzled vriih. bufTy wliito; undorparls buflfy whito or light ocliraccous-
bulT, Uio bases of haii-s blackish brown.

Skull.— hargosi of the group; relatively long and narrow; sagittal
crest well developed (m adults); interorbital region broad; nasals long
and broad, usually s(}uarely truncated posteriorly; premaxillao nar-
row; palate long, extending from 2 to 4 mm. behind plane of molars;
palatal foramina rather narrow; interpterygoitl fossa broad ; audital
bullae moderately inflated.

Measurements. — ^Adult male from Gunston, Va: Total length, 665;
tail vertebrae, 153; hind foot, 88. Adult male from Sandy Spring,
Md.: 573; 145; 82. Average of 4 adult females from District of
Columbia and Virginia: 557; 139; 83. STcull: Adult male:' Condylo-
basal length, 97.3-102.5 (average 97.8); palatal length, 55-59.5
(57.4) ; postpalatal length, 34.5-37.7 (36.2) ; length of nasals, 39.7-41.8
(40.8); zygomatic breadth, 63-69.2 (65.9); breadth across mastoids,
44.5-50.2 (46.9); least interorbital breadth, 25-29.2 (27.1); breadth
of rostrum, 20.6-23.7 (21.7); maxillary tooth row, 21-21.9 (21.3).
Adult female: Condylo-basal length, 90.4-91.8 (91.2) ; palatal length
50.2-56 (53.1); postpalatal length, 33.7-36.3 (34.9); length of nasals,
36.8-40.6 (38.7); zygomatic breadth, 59.5-62 (61.2); breadth across
mastoids, 44-45.8 (44.7); least interorbital breadth, 23.5-26.5 (24.9);
breadth of rostrum, 19.7-21.3 (20.5); maxillary tooth row, 20.5-22.4
(21.2).

Remarlcs. — The southern woodchuck is a rather large animal of
massive skull and pale color. With a wide range in the Middle
States, it grades into a smaller and darker form (rufescens) in the
southern parts of New York, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Specimens
from northern Illinois (Lake Forest and Willow Springs) and northern
Indiana (Rose Lawn and Lake Maxinkuckee) are typical of monax, but
those from Delavan, Wis., and southwestern Michigan are inter-
mediate between monax and rufescens. Specimens from Marble Cave,
Mo., and from Jolinson County, Iowa, arc typical, but a small series
from the vicinity of Lawrence, Kans., seems to indicate the presence
there of a large form, skulls of females, especially, being much larger
than those of females from Maryland and Virginia and equaling in
size skulls of males from that region. The hind feet also average
about 16 per cent longer in the Kansas animal (3 specimens). Addi-
tional material from that region may require naming the form.

Sijeciraens examined. — Total number, 75, as follows:

Alabama: Arflell, 3.

District of Columbia: Washington, 6. ^
Georgia: Young Harris, 1. f

1 six specimens from Maryland, \'irglnia, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania.
< Five specimens from Virginia, District of Columbia, and Pennsylvania.

1915.]

MARMOTA MONAX GROUP.

25

Illinois: Cook County, 1; Lake Forest, 1;' Ozark, 2;^ West Northfield, 1; Willow
Springs, 1.'

Indiana: Lake Maxinkuckee, 1; Marion County, 1;^ Rose Lawn, 1.

Iowa: Iowa City, 4f Johnson County, 4;^ Wall Lake, 1; no specific locality, 3.^

Kansas: Douglas County (near Lawrence), 6;* Lawrence, 3.*

Kentucky: Mammoth Cave, 1.

Maryland: Plummer Island, 2; Sandy Spring, 1; Simpsonville, 1; near Wash-
ington, D. C, 1.
Michigan: Cass County, 1;^ Dowagiac, 1/
Missouri: Marble Cave, 2.

North Carolina: Magnetic City (base of Roan Mountain), 7; Roan Mountain

(altitude 3,000-4,000 feet), 5.
Ohio: Hicksville, 1.'

Pennsylvania: Beaver, 2f Chester County, 3; Fair Oaks, 1;^ Kennett Square, If

Landenberg, If Marple, 1;^ Meadville, 1; Round Island, Clinton County, 27
Tennessee: Dover, Stewart County, 1; Duck River, 6 miles southwest of

Waverly, 2; Highcliff, 1.
Virginia: Bluemont, 1; Clarke Coimty, 1; Doswell, 1; Fairfax County (Potomac

River), 3; Fincastle, 1; Fredericksburg, 2; Gunston, 1; Peaks of Otter, 1;

Washington, 2.

West Virginia: Franklin, 3; Jobs Knob, 1; North Mountain, Hardy County, 1;
Rowleysburg, 1.

MARMOTA MONAX RUFESCENS Howell.

RUFESCENT WOODCHUCK.

(PI. IV, fig. 5; PI. V, fig. 2; PI. XI, fig. 2.)
Marmotamonaxrufescens Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 1914, p. 13.
Type locality. — Elk River, Minn.

Distrilution. —Eebsiern North Dakota, central and southern Minne-
sota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, southern Ontario, greater part of New
York (including Long Island), and higher parts of western Massa-
chusetts.

Characters. — Similar to monax but colors much redder, both above
and below, the underfur on back pinkish cinnamon instead of light
buff; similar in color to ignava, but averaging paler; skull decidedly
smaller than that of monax, but much larger than that of canadensis.

Color. — Underfur of upperparts varying from fuscous-black to dark
mouse gray at base, succeeded by a broad area of light pinkish cinna-
mon shading to pinkish cinnamon on hinder back and to orange-
cinnamon on hind legs; long hairs dark chestnut-brown subterminally,
tipped with light brff; top of head and face benzo brown to clove
brown; sides of face light buff, more or less mixed with brown; fore
legs black, overlaid with burnt sienna; hind legs similar but usually
less intensely red ; feet black or blackish brown ; tail vandyke brown

1 Collection Wield Mus. Nat. Hist. <> Collection Univ. of Michigan.

Coiiecuon Amer. Mus. Xa.t. Hi?*- s Collection Carnegie Museum.

3 Collection Univ. of Iowa. ' Collection Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelpliia.
< Collection Kansas Univ. Mus.

26

NORTH AMEBICAN FAUNA.

[No. :!7.

to clove brown or black; imderparts varying from burnt sienna to
Sanfonl's brown, more or less mixed Avith tawny, ochraccous-bniT,
and black (general tone of under parts usually reddish but sometimes
mixed brown and buff with little red) ; tail Vandyke brown to clove
brown or black. Variation: Specimen from Essex County, N. Y. : Very
dark chestnut-brown above (the uudcrfur pinkish cinnamon), moder-
ately grizzled on fore back with buffy white; hinder back solid brown.

SJcuU. — Similar to that of monax, but decidedly smaller and
relatively broader across zygomata; much larger than that of cana-
densis; slightly larger than that of ignava, but narrower across
orbits and with narrower nasals.

Measurements. — -Adult male: ' Total length, 520-582 (average,
548); tail vertebrae, 135-155 (143); hind foot, 81-85 (83). Adult
female: 2 Total length, 545-608 (571); tail vertebrae, 145-170 (156);
hind foot, 83-89 (85). SlcuU: Adult male:=* Condylo-basal length,
81.3-94.4 (88.6); palatal length, 50.7-54.5 (51.8); postpalatal
length, 32-36.4 (33.5); length of nasals, 33.9-39.8 (36.8); zygo-
matic breadth, 53.4-64.7 (60.2); breadth across mastoids, 40.3-46
(43.2); least interorbital breadth, 21.7-25.4 (23.8); breadth
of rostrum, 18-21.2 (19.4); maxillary tooth row, 18.7-21.8 (20.1).
Adult female:* Condylo-basal length, 84-88.9 (85.8); palatal
length, 49.1-52.4 (50.6); postpalatallength, 31.5-31.8 (31.6); length of
nasals, 33.4-39.1 (35.6); zygomatic breadth, 57.5-62 (59.9); breadth
across mastoids, 40.6-43.8 (42.4) ; least interorbital breadth, 22.2-26.3
(23.6); breadth of rostrum, 18.2-20.4 (19); maxillary tooth row,
17.5-21 (19.7).

Remarks.- — The woodchucks of the Northern States, from Minne-
sota to New York, differ from typical monax of the Middle States
in having smaller skulls and darker colors, the underfur especially
being more strongly reddish. The race shows a strong tendency
toward melanism, particularly in New York and southern Ontario.
The New York series differs from the Minnesota series in somewhat
longer and relatively narrower skulls, being, therefore, more Hke
monax, but the differences between the two extremes are too slight
and inconstant to warrant recognition of another form. Specimens
from the Catskill Mountains are fairly typical of rufescens, but those
from the Hudson Valley and Lake George are clearly intermediate,
the slcoUs being almost typical of monax and the skins of rufescens.
These show no approach to the New England form (prehlorum).
Two skulls (without skins) from Easthampton, Mass., are fairly
typical of rufescens, indicating that this race probably occupies the
higher parts of western Massachusetts. A specimen from Lake of
Bays, Ontario (east side of Georgian Bay), considered intermediate
between rufescens and canadensis, is very deep red below — fully

' Five specimens from Elk River and Fort Snclllng, Minn. s Eleven specimens from Minnesota.
' Five specimens from Fort Snelling, Minn. * Five specimens from Minnesota.

1915.]

MARMOTA MONAX GROUP.

27

as dark as ignava. The northern limit of the range of rufescens is
assumed to be about the latitude of Ottawa, but no material is
available from that part of Ontario, excepting the specimen men-
tioned above.

Specimens examined.- — Total number, 231, as follows:

Massachusetts: Eapthampton, 2.

Michigan: Ann Arbor, 3;^ Au Sable River, Oscoda County, 1;^ Genesee, 1;
Rush Lake, Huron County, 1; '■ Sand Point, Huron County, 1.^

Minnesota: Elk River, 10; Fort SnelUng, 17; ^ Princeton, 1.

New York: Adirondack Moim tains, Essex County, 76 (skulls only); Ardsley, 1;^
Amber, 2; Bran tin gham, 1; Croton Lake, 1 ; Dutchess County, 1 ; ^ Elizabeth-
town, 2; Essex County, 8; Halcottsville, 10;* Hastings, 1;^ Highland Falls,
1; Lake George, 11; Leyden, 2; Locust Grove, 15; Lyons Falls, 5; Miller
Place, 4;* Orange County, 1; Owego, 1; Oyster Bay, 2; Peterboro, 4; Piseco,
1; Schroon, 1; Schroon Lake, 4; Sing Sing, 4; Suffolk County, 2; Troy, 3;
Tupper Lake, 1;^ Wells, 3; no specific locality, 7.

North Dakota: Fargo, 3; Grafton, 1; Leonard, 1.^

Ontario: Lake of Bays, 1; Lome Park, 7.

Wisconsin: Bridgeport, 1; Delavan, 2; Milton, 2; ^ Racine, 1.

MARMOTA MONAX PREBLORUM Howell.
New England Woodchuck.
(PI. Ill, fig. 3; PI. V, fig. 3; PI. XI, fig. 3.)
Marmota monax preblorum Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 1914, p. 14.
Type locality. — Wilmington, Mass.

Distribution. — Southern New England, from Connecticut to central
Vermont and New Hampshire and southern Maine.

Characters. — Size medium (smaller than rufescens, larger than
canadensis); colors pale (redder than monax, but red not so dark
as in canadensis or rufescens) ; skull smaller and relatively narrower
than that of rufescens.

Color. — Adult: Underfur on upperparts pinkish cinnamon to light
pinkish cinnamon, the bases of hairs fuscous-black; long hairs
blackish brown, extensively tipped with white or hght buff; top of
head and face dark hair-brown to clove brown; sides of face light
buff; fore legs burnt sienna or Sanford's brown, the bases of hairs
often black; hind legs somewhat paler, shading to pinkish cinna-
mon; feet black or blackish brown; tail clove brown to black,
much mixed with cinnamon; underparts pinkish cinnamon or San-
ford's brown, varied with light buff. Young (specimen from Saun-

' Collection Univ. of Michigan.

2 Three in collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.; five in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

3 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

< Collection A. H. Helme, Miller Place, N. Y.
6 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
8 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

' Two in collection Fargo College; one in N. Dak. Agr. College.

8 Collection N. Dak. Agr. College.

9 Collection H. H. T. Jackson, Washington, D. C.

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. 3T.

dei-stown, R. I.): General tone, both above and below, pinkish buff
(the haira extensively tipped with that color and the bases of same
shade), becoming pinkish cinnamon on hinder back; subterminal
band of each hair blackish brown; fore legs Sanford's brown; hind
legs tawny; top of head hair-brown.

Slcull. — Similar to that of rufescens, but smaller and relatively
narrower, especially the rostrum and interorbital region; bullae
smaller; much larger than that of canadensis, with longer, slenderer
rostrum and longer nasals.

Measurements. — Adult male: ^ Total length, 418-608 (average 515) ;
tail vertebrae, 105-149 (120) ; liindfoot, 75-80 (77.7). Adult female
405-600 (547); 100-157 (141); 69-88 (77). /SM: Adult male: «
Condylo-basal length, 84-89 (86.2); palatal length, 49.9-51.6 (50.7);
postpalatal length, 31.2-33.4 (32); length of nasals, 34.3-37.7 (35.9);
zygomatic breadth, 57.3-60.4 (58.7); breadth across mastoids,
41.3-44.3 (42.8); least interorbital breadth, 20.7-22.5 (22.1);
breadth of rostrum, 17.2-18.6 (18.2); maxillary tooth row, 18.2-
20.2(19.1). Adult female:^ Condylo-basal length, 79.1-86.6 (83) ;
palatal length, 47.7-51.6 (49.5); postpalatal length, 28-31.8 (30.1);
length of nasals, 33.7-36.8 (35.6); zygomatic breadth 54-58 (56.6);
breadth across mastoids, 37.7-42 (40.3) ; least interorbital breadth,
19.8-22.6 (21.6); breadth of rostrum, 16-19.5 (18); maxillary tooth
row, 18-20.4 (19.3).

Remarks. — The New England woodchuck is noticeably smaller
and paler than rufescens, and larger and paler beneath than canaden-
sis. In skuU characters it most resembles rufescens and probably
intergrades with it where their ranges meet, but no intermediate
specimens have been examined. A specimen from Liberty HiU,
Conn., has somewhat redder underparts than the Massachusetts
series, its skull being fairly typical of prehlorum. Specimens of
rufescens from the Hudson Valley, however, approach monax rather
than prehlorum in skuU characters. Intergradation with canadensis
also undoubtedly occurs, but material from northern New England
is needed to show where the two forms come together. Specimens
from Rutland, Vt., agree in skull characters with prehlorum, but one
of the two skins examined is somewhat redder below than in Massa-
chusetts examples.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 38, as follows:

Connecticut: East Wallingford, 1;* Liberty Hill, 1.^
Maine: Eliot, 1; Norway, 1.^

' Seven specimens from eastern Massachusetts.

' Nine specimens from eastern Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire.
0 Five specimens from 'Wilmington and Wareham, Mass.
4 Four specimens from Wilmington and Lunenburg, Mass.
' Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Ilist.
» Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

1915.]

MAEMOTA MONAX GROUP.

29

Massachusetts: Essex County, 1; Haverhill, 1;' Lunenburg, 4; Newtonville,
2;i Sherbom, 1; Springfield, 2; ' Wareham, 2;i Wayland, 1;^ Wilmington, 8;
Wobum, 1.

New Hampshire: Charlestown, 2; Ossipee, 2; Webster, 3.'
Rhode Island: Saunderstown, 1.
Vermont: Rutland, 3.^

MARMOTA MONAX IGNAVA (Bangs).

Labrador Woodchuck.

(PI. V, fig. 4; PI. XII, fig. 1.)

Arctomys ignavus Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, p. 13.

[Arctomys monar] ignavus Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Am., Field Columb. Mus., Zool.

Ser., II, 1901, p. 105.
[Marraota monax] ignavus Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., SuppL, 1904, p. 344.
Mamiota ignava Miller, Bui. 79, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1912, p. 292.

Type locality. — Black Bay, Straits of Belle Isle, Labrador.

Distribution. — Known only from vicinity of type locality; probably
north to Hamilton Inlet.

Characters. — Size much larger than canadensis, nearly equaling
rufescens; similar in color to rvfescens (much darker than canadensis);
skull short and broad with very broad nasals.

Color. — ^Underfur of upperparts blackish brown at base (a shade
darker than in canadensis), succeeded by a broad area of orange-
cinnamon; long hairs blackish brown sub terminally, tipped with
pale ochraceous-buff or buffy white; top of head and face Vandyke
brown or clove brown; sides of nose and borders of lips and chin
buify white; sides of face hght ochraceous-buff more or less mixed
with brown; feet and legs black, or very dark brown, the legs and
thighs overlaid with burnt sienna ; tail blackish brown, usually with
httle or no white grizzhng; underparts burnt sienna mixed with
black, varying to tawny and in some individuals more or less mixed
with pinkish cinnamon or pale buff ; in others, mixed blackish brown
and buff below without any red.

STcull. — Similar to that of rufescens, but shorter and relatively
broader; nasals shorter and relatively wider posteriorly; premaxil-
lae averaging narrower; bullae smaller and less inflated; sagittal
crest more prominent; incisors with numerous shallow longitudinal
grooves on outer face. Compared with preUorum: Skull about same
length, but relatively broader; rostrum broader; nasals shorter and
broader posteriorly; molars heavier. Compared with canadensis:
Skull much larger, with decidedly heavier sagittal crest and less
inflated bullae.

Measurements. — ^Adult male :^ Total length, 480-562 (average,
536); tail vertebrae, 111-155 (137); hind foot, 74-86 (80.8). Adult

1 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

2 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

3 Seven specimens from vicinity of type locality.

30

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. 37.

female: » 496-556 (52S); 102-147 (126); 75-80 (78.6). STcull:
Adult male: 1 Condylo-basal length, 82.5-87.4 (85.1); palatal length,
4S.5-51.2 (50); postpalatal length, 30.6-33 (31.7); length of nasals,
31.5-35.6 (34.1); zygomatic breadth, 57.5-63.4 (60.5); breadth
across mastoids, 40.6-44 (41.7); least interorbital breadth, 24-26.8
(25); breadth of rostrum, 18-20.3 (19.2); maxillary tooth row, 19.9-
20.8 (20.4). Adult female: ^ Cond3'lo-basal length, 79.7-84.4 (82.2);
palatal length, 47-49.4 (48.2); postpalatal length, 29.2-31.7 (30.6);
length of nasals, 31.3-34.2 (32.6); zygomatic breadth, 55.4-58.7
(57.1); breadth across mastoids, 39-41.5 (40.6); least interorbital
breadth, 22.5-25 (23.8); breadth of rostrum, 17.6-19.7 (18.7); max-
illary tooth row, 19-20.4 (19.9).

Remarlcs. — The Labrador woodchuck is a strongly marked form of
the monax group, much larger and darker than canadensis, its nearest
neighbor. Indeed, it might be considered a distinct species were it
not practically certain that the ranges of ignava and canadensis are
contiguous and that more material from the region between Murray
Bay and the Straits of Belle Isle would show intergradation. In
color and size the present form more closely resembles rufescens than
canadensis and the skuU is more like that of prehlorum than that of
any other form, but ignava is much darker than prehlorum. The
subspecies is reported to be common on the coast in the vicinity of
Black Bay, and is said to be foxmd about the head of Hamilton
Inlet,^ but the limits of its range are not known. Stearns reports
woodchucks "common at Mingan, growing scarce toward Bonne
Esperance." ^

Specimens examined. — Total number, 15, as foUows:

Labrador:* Ailik, Peter's Cove, 1; Black Bay, 4; ly'Anse au Loup, 10.

MARMOTA MONAX CANADENSIS (Erxleben).

Canada Woodchuck.

(PI. VI, fig. 1; PI. XI, fig. 4.)

[GUs] canadensis Erxleben, Syst. Regu. Anim., 1777, p. 363.
Mus empetra Pallas, Nov. Spec. Quad., Glir. Ord., 1778, p. 75.
Arctomys sihila Wolf, Linne's Natursyst., II, 1808, p. 481. (Name.proposed to include
Arclornys empetra Pallas and Arctomys pruinosa Gmelin, supposed to be the same).
Arctomys rn^lanopus Kuhl, Beitrage, 1820, p. 64.
Arctomys marmota canadensis Kuhl, Beitrage, 1820, p. 64.

Arctomys empetra Sabine, Trans. Linn. See. London, XIII, 1822, p. 584; Richardson,

Fauna Boreali-Americana, I, 1829, p. 147.
Arctomys monax melanopus Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 30.
Arctomys monax canadensis Allen, Bui. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 1898, p. 456.
[Marmota monax] ranadmsis Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl., 1904, p. 344.

' Six specimens from vicinity of type locality.

2 Lov/, A. P. Ann. Kept. Geol. Surv. Canada, VIII, 1895 (1897), p. 320L.
1 .Steams, W. A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 115.
* All in collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

1915.]

MAKMOTA MONAX GROUP.

31

Type locality. — ''Canada et ad fretum Hudsonis" — here fixed at
Quebec, Quebec.

Distribution. — Greater part of interior of Canada, from Great Slave
Lake and York Factorj'' south to southern Alberta (Red Deer) , cen-
tral Saskatchewan (Cumberland House) , northern Minnesota, north-
ern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, central Ontario, southern Quebec,
New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia; northern and eastern limits of
range in Quebec unknown.

Characters. — Size small; sexes about same size; colors strongly red-
dish, above and below; skull small without pronounced sagittal crest.

Color.- — Underfur on upperparts blackish brown at base, succeeded
by pinkish cinnamon or light pinkish cinnamon; long hairs blackish
brown sub terminally, tipped with wliite or pinkish buff ; top of head
and face hair-brown, sometimes shading to clove brown; sides of
face Hght buff; feet and legs black, blackish brown, or fuscous, the
legs and thighs overlaid with burnt sienna; tail blackish brown, con-
siderably grizzled with cinnamon-buff or light buff ; underparts deep
tawny or burnt sienna sometimes varied with buff and moderately
mixed with black. Melanistic specimens are rarely found, but one
from Aitkin, Minn., is glossy blackish brown all over.

SlcuU. — Smallest of any member of the group; shorter and rela-
tively broader than that of prellorum, with short, broad rostrum;
much smaller than that of ignava, with sagittal crest only slightly
developed; nasals narrowed posteriorly; bullae relatively large,
smoothly rounded, and considerably inflated.

Measurements. — ^Adultmale: Total length, 510-515 (average 513);
tail vertebrae, 108-109 (108.5); hind foot, 74-78 (76) ;i average of
three adult males from Mackenzie and Alberta: 500; 124; 75. Adult
female:^ 508-560 (536); 131-140 (136); 69-76 (73). Slcull: Adult
male:' Condylo-basal length, 75-80.8 (78.1) ; palatal length, 43.7-48.2
(45.7) ; postpalatal length, 27.5-29.6 (28.7) ; length of nasals, 29.9-32
(31.3); zygomatic breadth, 53-56.6 (54.1); breadth across mastoids,
36.4-39.4 (38); least interorbital breadth, 18.4-22.7 (20.7); breadth
of rostrum, 15.1-18 (16.6); maxillary tooth row, 18.2-19.3 (18.8).
Adult female: Condylo-basal length, 77.4-80 (78.9); palatal length
45.6-47.2 (46.2); postpalatal length, 28.2-30.5 (29.3); length of
nasals, 30.5-34.5 (32.6) ; zygomatic breadth, 52.8-58.2 (54.8) ; breadth
across mastoids, 36.5-39.8 (37.8) ; least interorbital breadth, 19.8-22
(20.9) ; breadth of rostrum, 14.5-17.8 (16.3) ; maxillary tooth row,
18.1-19.2 (18.6).

RemarTcs. — The Canada woodchuck has the most extensive dis-
tribution of any of the American forms and over the greater part of

1 Two specimens from Miirray Bay, Quebec.

- Tliree specimens from Quebec and Ontario.

2 Eight specimens from Mackenzie, Alberta, Manitoba, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and northern Wisconsin.
* Seven specimens from Mackenzie, Manitoba, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Quebec.

32

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. 37.

its range shows comparatircly little variation. Although markedly
smaller than rufcscens it intergrades with that fomi whei'cver their
ranges meet, intermediate examples having been examined from
Tower and Two Harbors, Minn., and Lake of Bays, Ontario. Inter-
gradation with ignava seems highly probable, thoiigh not shown by
the material in hand. Mun-ay Bay specimens have very much smaller
skulls than typical ignava from the Labrador coast, and no specimens
have been examined from the iaitci'vening region. Two specimens
from Nova Scotia show slight approach to ignava, the skins being
the same color except that the bases of the hairs on the back are
browner. The skull of one of these specimens is typical of canadensis,
the other is a little larger, with somewhat broader nasals and a well-
marked sagittal crest.

A specimen from Porcupine Moimtaius, Mich., resembles cana-
densis in general coloration, but is extensively mixed with black
both above and below. Its slaill is shghtly longer than slmUs of
typical specimens from Quebec. A specimen from ]\Iount Mansfield,
Yt., and one from Columbia Falls, Me., (both without skulls), are pro-
visionally referred to canadensis, the former agreeing in color with
the typical form, the latter with the dark Nova Scotia form. Speci-
mens from southern Mackenzie and northern Alberta are practically
identical in coloration with the Quebec series, but their skulls average
longer and narrower, thus showing approach to ocJiracea. A single
young specimen in very worn pelage from near the head of Finlay
River, British Columbia, seems referable to canadensis, but more ma-
terial from that region may necessitate its reference to ocliracea.
Woodchucks of this group are reported by Edward A. Preble as
occurring at Fort Grahame, on Finlay River, and at Hudson's Hope.

Specimens examined. — ^Total number, 45, as foUows:

Alberta: Athabaska River (near Fort McMurray), 1; McLeod River, 1; Peace

River lyanding, 2;' Red Deer, 1;^ South Edmonton, 1.
Britisli Columbia: Finlay River (near head), 1.
Mackenzie: Fort Liard, 1; Fort Simpson, 5; Little Buffalo River, 1.
Maine: Columbia Falls, 1.

Manitoba: Oxford House, 1; Trout Lake, 4; York Factory, 1.

Michigan: Porcupine ]\Iountains, 1;* Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, 1.^

liOnnesota: Aitkin, 1;^ Tower, 1; Two Harbors, 1.

New Brunswick: Arthurette, 2;* Scotch Lake, 1.

North Dakota: Pembina, 1. »<
Nova Scotia: Newport, 2.*

Ontario: Devils Portage, Mattagami River, 1;° James Bay, 1; Moose River
(near Hudson Bay) 2.* .,
Quebec: Murray Bay, 7.^
Vermont: MoimtMansfield,!.
Wisconsin: Conover, 1.^

1 Collection Victoria Mem. Mus.
» Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
' Collection Univ. of Michigan.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
' Collection Carnegie Mus.

1915.]

MAEMOTA MONAX GKOUP.

33

MARMOTA MONAX PETRENSIS subsp. nov.
British Columbia Woodchuck.
(PI. VI, fig. 2.)

Type from Revelstoke, British Columbia. Adult <? , No. 203532,
U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. Collected May 12,
1890, by W. Spreadborough; original number, 170.

Distribution. — Interior ranges of southern British Columbia and
adjacent parts of United States, from Barkerville, Biitish Columbia,
south to Thompson Pass, Idaho.

Characters. — Similar to canadensis, but skull larger and relatively
longer.

Color. — Practically the same as canadensis.

STcull. — Similar to that of canadensis, but larger and relatively
longer; nasals rather short, projecting but little back of posterior
ends of premaxillae; bullae rather small. Compared with rufescens:
Smaller with shorter nasals and smaller, rounder bullae.

Measurements. — ^Adult male (type):^ Total length, 540; tail verte-
brae, 127 ; hind foot, 76 ; specimen from BarkerviUe, British Columbia :
460; 106; 72. Adult female (specimen from Barkerville, British
Columbia): 505; 125; 68. STcull: Adult male (type): Condylo-basal
length, 86; palatal length, 50.3; postpalatal length, 31.8; length of
nasals, 32.5; zygomatic breadth, 57.4; breadth across mastoids, 42;
least interorbital breadth, 23; breadth of rostrum, 18.6; maxillary
tooth row, 20. Adult female (specimen from BarkerviUe, British
Columbia): Condylo-basal length, 79; palatal length, 46.5; post-
palatal length, 29.5; length of nasals, 32.4; zygomatic breadth, 53.2;
breadth across mastoids, 36; least interorbital breadth, 19.4; breadth
of rostrum, 17.6; maxillary tooth row, 18.8.

RemarTcs. — This is a slightly differentiated form of monax, occu-
pying an area somewhat segregated from the rest of the species.
It is known at present from only a few specimens and the limits of
its range can not definitely be determined. It probably occurs
sparingly throughout the heavily timbered mountain sides of the
northern Rocky Mountains in Montana, Idaho, and British Co-
lumbia, but whether confined entirely to the west slope or not (as
seems probable) has not yet been ascertained. This subspecies has
no direct cormection with monax or rufescens, its range being separated
from theirs by an extensive area of plains, but it undoubtedly inter-
grades with ochracea on the north and possibly with canadensis
through some of the passes of the mountains in southern British
Columbia.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 6, as follows:

I British Columbia: Barkerville, 2; Glacier, 2; Revelstoke, 1.
Idaho: Thompson Pass, 1.

69168"— 15 — 3

• From dry skin.

34

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. 37.

MARMOTA MONAX OOHRACEA Swarth.

OCHRACEOUS WOODCHUCK.

(PI. VI, fig. 3; PI. XII, fig. 3.)
Marmota ochracea Swarth, Univ. of California Pub. Zool., VII, 1911, p. 203.

Type locality. — Head of Fortymilo Creek, Alaska.

Distnbution. — Interior mountain ranges of Yukon and northern
British Columbia, from Fortymile Creek south to the Babine Moun-
tains (and Stuart Lake?).

Characters. — Similar to canadensis, but paler below and hairs on
back extensively tippctl ^v^th ochraceous, the underfur more vina-
ceous; tail pinkish cinnamon all ai'ound; skull longer and relatively
narrower.

Color. — ^Underfur of upperpai'ts dark mouse gray at base, suc-
ceeded by a broad area of vinaceous-cinnamon, the latter shading
toward the tips into orange-cinnamon, most intense on hinder back;
long hairs orange-cinnamon, then blackish brown, broadly tipped
on fore back mth ochraceous-buff and on hinder back with light
ochraceous-bU'ff; top of head dark hair-brown; sides of nose and face
light ochraceous-buff; underparts tawny shading to hazel; legs hazel;
feet fuscous or fuscous-black with scattering hazel hairs; tail pinkish
cinnamon all around, the tip clove brown. Variation: Young speci-
men from type locality: Darker below than adult, and feet more
varied with hazel. Immature specimen from Pike River, British
Columbia: Upperparts cinnamon (without plumbeous bases to the
hairs), tipped with pinkish buff; underparts cionamon-rufous.

Slcull. ' — Longer and relatively narrower than that of canadensis,
with narrower rostrum and interorbital region; bullae broader.

Measurements. ^ — Slcull: Subadult (male ?) from Babine Mountains,
British Columbia: Condylo-basal length, 81.2; palatal length, 48;
postpalatal length, 30; length of nasals, 33.4; zygomatic breadth,
52.7; breadth across mastoids, 39.8; least interorbital breadth, 19.8;
breadth of rostrum, 17.2; maxillary tooth row, 20.

RemarJcs. — This subspecies is the most northerly ranging member
of the group. It occurs west of the continental divide in Yukon
and northern British Columbia, but the limits of its range are not
known. Only six skins have been seen. A specimen from near
Teslin Lake, southern Yukon, is slightly darker below than the type
(being uniform kaiser brown) ; the fore back is darker ochraceous,
and the head blackish brown. Another specimen from Pike River,
British Columbia, is dark blackish brown all over. A series of skulls
without skins from Stuart Lake, British Columbia, is provisionally
referred to this race.

' No skulls from the type region available; description based on subadult specimen from Babine
Mountain.s, British Columbia.
» No external measurements available.

1915.]

MARMOTA MONAX GROUP.

35

Specimens examined. — Total number, 15, as follows:
Alaska: Fortymile Creek (at head), 2.*

British Columbia: Babine Mountains, 1 (skull); Pike River, Atlin, 2;^ Stuart

Lake, 8 (skulls); Tacla Lake, 1.
Yukon: Thirty Mile Mountains, near Teslin Lake, 1.^

Cranial Measurements of the Marmota monax Group.

Sex.

Condylo-basal length.

Palatal length.

Postpalatal length.

Length of nasals.

Zygomatic breadth.

Breadth across mas-
toids.

1 Least interorbital
breadth.

Breadth of rostrum.

Maxillary tooth row.

l;emarks.

<?

102.5

59.5

37.7

41.5

69.2

50. 2

27.3

23. 7

21. 9

Old.

(?

97.5

56.7

37

41.8

66

46.5

25.9

21. 2

21. 2

Aduit.

c?

98.1

58.1

36

40.5

65.7

47.2

27.2

20.7

21.2

Do.

-?

0

94

57.3

32.fi

38.7

42. 9

24. 4

19. 5

21. 6

Do.

(?

98.7

58.8

36.5

43

45^7

27^2

19^7

20! 6

9

93. 7 56

35.3

40.6

ei.'g

45.8

26.5

19.9

21.2

Adult.

9

90.4

53. 4

33.7

38

59.5

44.3

23.5

21.3

20.5

Do.

9

100.6

58. 7

37.8

43

66.7

49.2

28.4

21.8

21.8

Do.

9

95.8

56.3

35.4

43

67.3

48.5

29

23.2

21.9

Do.

9

92

54

34.2

38.6

62.7

46.4

26

22.5

21.6

Do.

(?

87.2

50.9

32

35.5

64.7

45.1

24.2

18.7

20.4

Adult; type.

c?

89.8

52.2

34

37

59.8

43.4

23.5

20.5

20.9

Adult.

(?

90. 7

53. 6

34.4

39.8

63.2

42.8

25.3

18.6

21.8

Do.

(?

94.4

54.5

36.4

36

61.7

44

25.4

21.1

19

Do

(?

90

53.2

32.2

36.5

64.5

44

25.5

21

20.6

Do!

91.6

54.2

33.7

38.4

61.4

44.1

24.4

19.8

20.8

Do.

84.2

49.1

31.5

34.5

57.5

40.6

22.5

18.3

20

Do.

g

87 8

52.4

31.8

39.1

62

43.8

23.7

20.4

21

Do.

84

50.3

31.5i33.4

59.2

42

26.3

20

17.5

Do.

0

86.3

51

32.5

37.8

60

42

21.8

17.5

20.2

Do.

9

86.8

51.4

31.2

37.1

59.8

41.9

23.5

19.2

20.2

Do.

9

85

50.3

31.2

35.7

59.4

42

22.8

19. 5

20. 3

Do.

85.3

50.5

32

34.8

57.4

43.7

22.8

18.5

18.2

Adult; type.

86.1

51.5

31.2

36.3

58.2

42.7

22.5

17.2

18.3

Adult.

^

84

49.9

31.2

36.2

57.3

41.3

20.7

18.2

19.5

Do.

<?

85.4

49.7

31.6

36

60.4

43.6

23

19.5

18.9

Do.

c?

85

50.5

31

37.5

58

42.2

23.5

18.5

20.5

Do.

9

79.1

47.7

28

33.7

54

37.7

19.8

16

18

Do.

9

84.8

49.9

31.8

36.8

57.8

40

22.6

18.1

19

Do.

9

86.6

51.6

30.7

36.5

56.7

42

21.4

19.5

20.4

Do.

9

81.6

48.7

30

35.3

58

41.5

22.6

18.3

19.6

Do.

<?

87.4

51.2

32.5

35.5

63.4

41.7

26.8

19.7

20.8

Adult.

<?

82.7

48.7

31

33.2

59

41.2

24.3

IS. 5

20

Do.

86.5

51

32

35.4

60.5

42

24

20.3

20.7

Do.

9

84.4

49.1

31.7

33.6

58.7

41.3

25

19.7

19

Do.

9

84

49.4

30.6

,34.2

58.6

41.5

24.3

18.8

19.6

Do.

9

80.6

47.7

29.7

31.5

55.8

40

23

17.6

19.5

Do.

77.3

44

29.6

30.5

56.6

39.4

22.7

17.4

19.1

Adult.

75

43.7

28.8

32

53.2

36.4

21.7

16

18.7

Do.

c?

76.4

44.5

28.7

32

53

38.2

20.5

15.8

18.6

Subadult.

79.2

46.3

27.5:31.7

36.5

20.5

15.1

19

Adult.

78.3

45.8

28.6 31

53.3,38

20.5

17.2

18.3

Do.

9

77.6

45.6

28.8 33.5

56.6i38

22

17.8

19

Do.

9

78.7

46

29.632

53.2I39

20.4

17.1

18.4

Subadult.

9

79.7

47

28.4 33.3

54.7:37.2

21.1

15.9

18.7

Adult.

9

80

47.2

30.5 31.3

52.8

37.3

19.8

16.6

18.1

Do.

9

79.6
t

46

30.3 33.3,58.239.8

22

17.2

19.2

Do.

Species and locality.

Marmota monax monax.

Peaks of Otter, Va

Roan Moimtain, N. C.
Douglas County, Kans.

Bluemont, Va.'.

Washington, D. C

Douslas County, Kans.

.-..do

Lake Forest, HI

Marmota monax rufescens.
Elk River, Minn

Fort Snelling, Minn

....do

Locust Grove, N. Y

Adirondack Mountains, N. Y.

Elk River, Minn

Fort Snellm,?, Mmn

....do

Locust Grove, N. Y

Adirondack Mountains, N. Y.
Peterboro, N. Y

Marmota monax ignava.

L'Anse au Loup, Labrador .

do

do

do

do

Black Bay, Labrador

Marmota monax canadensis.

Murray Bay, Quebec

do

Ne\vport, Nova Scotia

Carberiy, Manitoba

Smith Portage, Mackenzie

Murray Bay, Quebec

do

Oxford House, Manitoba

Little Buffalo River, Mackenzie,
Newport, Nova Scotia

Marmota monax preblorum.
Wilmington , Mass c?

\\[\&o\'.\\"'.\'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.

Ossipee, N. H

Rutland, Vt

Wilmington, Mass

do

Lunenburg, Mass

do

' Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of
2 Collection Provincial Mus., Victoria,
' Collection Victoria Mem. Mus.
* Collection Kansas Univ. Mus.
« CoUection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.

California. ' Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

B. C. ' Average of 10 adults, Merriam collection.

' Average of 7 adults, Merriam collection.

• Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

36 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.

Cranial measurements of the Marmota monax group — Continued.

No.

Species and locality.

Sex.

Condylobasal length.

Palatal length. |

Postpalatal length. ]

Length of nasals.

Zygomatic breadth.

Breadth across mas-
toids.

Least interorbital
breadth.

Breadth of rostrum.

Maxillary tooth row.

Remarks.

Marmota monax petrensis.

203532

Revelstoke, British Columbia

86

50.3

31.8

32.5

57.4

42

23

18.6

20

Adult; type.

101295

Barkerville, British Columbia . .

9

79

46.5

29.5

32.4

53.2

36

19.4

17.6

18.8

Adult.

Marmota monax ochracea.

202785

Babine Mountains, British»Co-

81.2

48

30

33.4

52.7

39.8

19.8

17.2

20

Subadult.

77143

Stuart Lake, British Columbia. .

80.6

47.6

29.5

30.6

55.6

38.2

20.6

18.8

19

Adult.

77141

do

80.2

47.3

30. 5 32. 4

38.1

19.8

17.2

17.6

Do.

77137

do

m

76.5

45

28.9

32.4

52"

36.7

22

16.8

18.6

Do.

77140

do

19?)

77.1

45.4

29.3 31.4

1

51.3

36.2

19.6

17.4

Do.

Marmota flaviventris Group.
[Characters under species.]
MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS (Audubon & Bachman).
(Synonymy under subspecies.)

External characters. — Size variable (small to medium) ; ^ tail rela-
tively long (about 25 to 30 per cent of total length); ears small; sole
pads as in the monax group (see PI. Ill, fig. 2) ; mammae: P. f ; A. f ;
I. ^= 10; head usually -with white markings between eyes (absent or
reduced in ohscura) ; sides of neck with conspicuous buffy pa.tches ;
feet varying from light buff to hazel or dark brown (never black);
tail mixed hazel and dark brown (fading to clay color).

Cranial characters. — Skull similar in general outline to that of
monax; interorbital region relatively narrower; postorbital processes
longer and slenderer, projecting slightly back of a line drawn across
their bases at right angles to axis of skull; nasals decidedly narrowed
posteriorly, where their width Is equal to or less than that of nasal
branches of prem axillae ; temporal ridges usually united in old age to
form a well-defined but rather low sagittal crest; floor of basi-occipital
with a median subcircular depression, bounded laterally by two low
processes which converge and unite into a ridge near the inferior lip of
the foramen magnum; posterior border of palate beveled at an ob-
tuse angle; interpterygoid fossa relatively narrow; palatal foramina
usually contracted posteriorly or of equal width throughout; molar
teeth light; maxillary tooth rows slightly divergent anteriorly; ante-
rior face of incisors yellowish white to zinc orange.

I Two adult male specimens of M. flaviventris nosophora weighed, respectively, 10 and 12 pounds; two
adult males of M. flaviventris dacota, 8 and 17 pounds, the latter being very fat.

1915.]

MAKMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS GROUP.

37

Color. — General tone of upperparts vinaceous- or orange-cinnamon,
hazel, chestnut-brown, or Vandyke brown; underfur of upperparts
at base mouse gray, fuscous, bister, clove brown, or blackish brown,
succeeded by pinkish-, ochraceous-, or cinnamon-buff, pinkish-, vina-
ceous-, or orange-cinnamon, cartridge- or tilleul-buff, buffy white,
hazel, or pale russet; long hairs chestnut-brown, olive-brown, hazel,
or black, tipped with hght buff, ochraceous- or cinnamon-buff, or
white; top of head and face cinnamon-drab, chestnut, bay, chestnut-,
Vandyke-, or clove-brown, or black; sides of face chestnut-brown or
blackish brown, more or less mixed with white or buff ; face usually
more or less extensively marked with a band or patch of white or
buff between the eyes (nearly obsolete in ohscura) ; borders of nose,
lips, and chin white or ochraceous-buff ; sides of neck usually with
conspicuous patches of ochraceous-buff or cinnamon-buff (nearly
obsolete in ohscura) ; underparts ochraceous-buff, ochraceous-tawny,
hazel, chestnut-, kaiser-, or blackish-brown, often varied with
russet, Sanford's brown, tawny, or pale buff; fore legs ochraceous-
buff, tawny, hazel, russet, or kaiser brown, the feet chestnut-brown,
russet, auburn, pinkish cinnamon, or cinnamon-buff; hind legs
ochraceous-buff, tawny, or hazel (rarely brownish), the feet vary-
ing from light buff or pinkish cinnamon to russet, hazel, chestnut-
brown, or blackish brown; tail above, hazel, tawny, chestnut-brown,
blackish brown, or (in faded pelage) clay color; beneath, blackish
brown or chestnut-brown; ears usually some shade of buff, bordered
with dark brown.

Geographic distribution. — From the interior valleys of southern
British Columbia south in the Great Basin to the Toyabe Mountains,
Nev., and Parawan Mountains, Utah; in the Cascade-Sierra system,
from Mount Hood, Oreg., to vicinity of Owens Lake, Cal.; and in
the Rocky Mountain system, from Flathead Lake, Mont., to the
Pecos River Moxmtains, N. Mex.;^ east to the Black Hills, S. Dak.;
confined to mountains, foothUls, and rocky canyons, not occurring
on the plains proper. (See fig. 2.)

RemarJcs. — Marmota fiaviventris usually may be readily distin-
guished from M. monax by the more ochraceous coloration, by the
buffy, hazel, or tawny legs and feet (the latter usually black or black-
ish brown in monax), and by the presence of white or buffy face
markings; occasional specimens of M. fiaviventris ohscura and M.
jlaviventris luteola rather closely resemble certain specimens of the
monax group, but always lack the deep reddish hairs on the fore legs.

' Formerly to the Manzano and Datil Mountains (vicinity of Old Fort Tularosa).

38

NORTH AMERICAN i-'AUNA.

[No. 87.

Fig. 2.— Pistribution of the Marmota flaviventm group. Unshaded areas within the range of the
group indicate a lack of definite knowledge as to the subspecies occurring there.

1915.]

MAKMOTA FLAVIVENTEIS GROUP.

39

MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS FLAVIVENTRIS (Audubon & Bachman).

Yellow-Bellied Marmot.

(PI. Ill, fig. 2; PI. VII, fig. 1; PI. XIII, fig. 1.)

Arctomys flaviventer Audubon & Bachman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1841,

p. 99; Quad. N. Am., Ill, 1853, p. 160, PI. CXXXIV.
[MarmotXL\ flaviventer T^rouesasixt, Cat. Mamm. Suppl., 1904, p. 344.

Type locality. — "Mountains between Texas and California" —
here fixed on Mount Hood, Oreg. (See remarks following, p. 40.)

Distribution. — The Cascade Range in Oregon and the northern
Sierra in California, south to Lake Tahoe.

Characters. — Size large ; general tone of upperparts russet, grizzled
with white, the fore back sometimes overlaid with a rather indistinct
buff y mantle; underparts ochraceous-buff to hazel; feet ochraceous
or hazel; skull massive.

Color. — Underfur of upperparts deep mouse gray at base, suc-
ceeded by a broad area of buffy white, the latter shading on hinder
back to pinkish cinnamon (sometimes to hazel) ; long hairs chestnut-
brown or clove brown subterminally, tipped on fore back with light
buff, on hinder back with white; top of head and face chestnut-
brown to blackish brown, sometimes varied with cinnamon-drab, with
an indistinct band of buffy white or ochraceous-buff across face in
front of eyes; sides of face mixed chestnut-brown and cinnamon-buff;
sides of neck with large patches of light ochraceous-buflf ; fore legs
and feet tawny to hazel ; hind feet light ochraceous-buff more or less
varied with Hght hazel; tail hazel (fading to clay color), the bases of
the hairs and under surface natal brown, varying to chestnut-brown
or blackish brown; underparts ochraceous-buff, varying to hazel,
becoming light ochraceous-buff around base of tail, the bases of some
of the hairs indistinctly chestnut-brown; sides of nose, lips, and chin
white, often varied with ochraceous-tawny around nose and edged
with hazel or kaiser brown on throat.

STcuU. — Largest of any member of the group; relatively long and
narrow; nasals long, and narrow posteriorly; nasal branches of pre-
maxillae broad; postorbital constriction broad; rostrum long and nar-
row; palatal foramina narrow.

Measurements. — Adult male from Donner, Cal. : Total length, 700;
tail vertebrae, 180; hind foot, 90. Adult female from Crater Lake,
Oreg.: 640; 170; 80. Adult female from Donner, Cal.: 600; 170; 85.
SkuU: Adult male :^ Condylo-basal length, 92.5-97.1 (average 94.5);
palatal length, 52.3-55 (53.8); postpalatal length, 37.6-38.2 (37.9);
length of nasals, 42.5^2.6; zygomatic breadth, 62.3; breadth across
mastoids, 41.1-46.2 (43.9); least interorbital breadth, 21.2-23 (22.1);
breadth of rostrum, 22.3-23 (22.8); maxillary tooth row, 19.5-

1 Three specimens from Mount Hood, Oreg., and Fort Crook and Donner, Cal.

40

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. ;i7.

20.9 (20.1). Adult female:' Condylo-basal length, 82-87 (84.2);
palatal length, 45.S-48.7 (47.6); postpalatal length, 30.6-34.5 (34.1);
length of nasals, 34.5-37.2 (35.9); zygomatic breadth, 54.4-58.4
(55.9); breadth across mastoids, 38.5-40.7 (39.8); least interorbital
breadth, 17.3-19.3 (18.5); breadth of rostrum, 17.8-21.4 (19.8);
maxillary tooth row, 19.5-22.1 (20.5).

BemarJcs. — This species was described in 1841 and the name has
been in use ever since in a broad sense for the marmots of the Sierra-
Cascade range and, by most authoi-s, for the Rocky Mountain forms
as well. The original describers' statement as to the source of the
type specimen — "mountains between Texas and California" — is
not only too indefinite to be of use, but the evidence points to
its being incorrect. Tlie type specimen, as stated by Audubon
and Bacliman, was obtained by David Douglass and (the skin
only) is still in a fair state of preservation in the British Museum,
but unfortunately is unaccompanied by data to show where it was
collected. Douglass's journal has been published,^ and from it we
learn that he spent a considerable time at Fort Vancouver near the
mouth of the Columbia River, whence he made journeys up the Co-
limibia and Willamette Valleys and tkrough eastern Washington
and southern British Columbia. He spent some time, also, on the
coast of California, below Monterey, but apparently never visited
either the Sierra or the Cascades proper. His journal does not men-
tion the capture of any marmots.^ He might easily have secured the
type specimen on his journey through eastern Washington, in which
case it would bo the form now known as avara, or he might have
obtained it from Indians or travelers who had visited Mount Hood —
a comparatively short distance from his headquarters — in which case
it would be referable to the form which now bears the name flavi-
ventris. In order to settle the question a specimen from IMount
Hood and one from Okanogan, British Columbia, were submitted to
Oldfield Thomas, who compared them with the type in the British
Musemn. He states as follows:

The underside of forearms [in the type] are about as rufous and its rump as brown
and finely speckled as the Oregon specimen , but it has got distinctly the broadly buffy
mantle on the fore back so marked in the British Columbia specimen. The type is
a good adult skin which has borne remaking very well. The skull, unfortunately,
is not in existence.

The buffy mantle of which Mr. Thomas speaks is not a diagnostic
character, since it appears in both the British Columbia and Cascade
forms. The rufous color of the fore legs, however, is diagnostic,

' Seven speeimoni) from Crater Lake, Oreg., and northern parts of Sierra Nevada, Oal.
2 Hooker, W. J. Companion to Botanical Mag., II, 1830, pp. 79-182.

' The statement [p. 92] that a curious species of Arclomya was secured and other references to "Arctomyi
brachyuTUi" [pp. 101-115) doubtless refer to species of either Citellus or Aplodontia.

1915.]

MAKMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS GROUP.

41

and, except for size and cranial characters, is the only sure distin-
guishing characteristic of the two forms. It seems clear, therefore,
that the name Jiaviventris must be apphed to the darker of the two
forms found in Oregon and Washington, and I have therefore selected
Mount Hood, Oreg., as the type locaUty. The series available from
the Cascades is small and contains only one adult male skuU — an old
weathered specimen picked up on Mount Hood. Several adult fe-
males in the collection from Crater Lake and the Klamath Lake
region, however, agree essentially with specimens from Fort Crook
and the northern Sierra of California. South of Lake Tahoe Jiavi-
ventris grades imperceptibly into the subspecies sierrae, occupying
the southern end of the Sierra Nevada, in the Mount Whitney region.
Intergradation with avara occurs in the region east of Klamath Lake
and probably all along the east base of the Cascades.
Spedmens examined. — Total number, 48, as foUows:

California: Donner, 17; Emerald Bay, 1; Fort Crook, 3; Glen Alpine Springs,
El Dorado County, 2;' Hope Valley, Alpine County, 2; Lassen Creek, Warner
Mountains, 1; Mount Lassen, 2; Pine Creek, Lassen County, 1.
Nevada: Mount Siegel, Douglas County, 1;^ Winters Mine, Douglas County, 1.^
Oregon: Crater Lake, 2; Fort Klamath, 3; Klamath Lake, 6; Linkville, 2; Mount
Hood, 3; Summer Lake, 1.

MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS AVARA (Bangs).

Pallid Yellow-Bellied Marmot.

(PI. VII, fig. 3; PI. XIII, fig. 3.)

Arctomys flaviventer avarus Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, p. 68.
[Marmota flaviventer] avarus Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl., 1904, p. 344.

Type locality. — Okanogan, British Columbia.

Distribution. — Interior valleys and foothills of southern British Co-
lumbia and eastern Washington and Oregon.

Characters. — Similar to Jiaviventris, but smaller and colors paler,
especially the underfur and fore legs; upperparts more extensively
overlaid with buff.

Color. — General tone of upperparts chestnut-brown, heavily griz-
zled with buff ; underfur at base deep mouse gray (varying to pale
fuscous) succeeded by buffy white, the latter shading to hght pinkish
cinnamon on hinder back; long hairs blackish brown or clove brown
subterminally, extensively tipped on fore back with warm buff and
on hinder back with hght buff ; head and face blackish brown or dark
chestnut-brown, with an indistinct narrow band of white or buff
across face in front of eyes; sides of neck warm buff; fore legs and
feet ochraceous-buff; hind legs, hind feet, and buttocks light ochra-
ceous-buff, the feet varying to hazel; tail hazel, the hairs tipped

I Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California. 2 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.

42

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

INo. 37.

with warm buff, thoir bases chostnut-brown; undorparts ochraceous-
biiff or light ochraccous-buff, the bases of the haira on belly chestnut-
brown; sides of nose, lips, and chin wliite, bordered on throat with
hazel.

STcull. — Similar to that oi flaviventris, but decidedly smaller; nasals
shorter, ending but little back of posterior border of premaxillae.

Measurements. — Adult male: ^ Total length, 495-660 (average
554); tail vertebrae, 149-178 (165); hind foot, 76-80 (78). Slcull:
Adult male: 2 Condylo-basal length, 85.7-86.5 (86.1); palatal length,
47.9-48.8 (48.3); postpalatal length, 34-34.8 (34.4); length of nasals,
36.6-37.6 (37.1); zygomatic breadth, 55.6-56.7 (56.1); breadth across
mastoids, 39.1-42.2 (40.6); least interorbital breadth, 17.8-19.5
(18.6); breadth of rostrum, 19.4-20 (19.7); maxillary tooth row,
19-19.3. Adult female: 3 Condylo-basal length, 76.4-79.4 (77.9);
palatal length, 42.6-44.6 (43.6); postpalatal length, 30.3-31 (30.7);
length of nasals, 31.5-33.5 (32.8); zygomatic breadth, 52.4-52.7
(52.5); breadth across mastoids, 37.6-38.6 (38); least interorbital
breadth, 17.1-18 (17.6); breadth of rostrum, 16.8-18.3 (17.3); max-
illary tooth row, 17.8-19.1 (18.5).

Remurlcs.— Tins is a small, pale race oi Jlaviventris living in the low
foothills of eastern Oregon and Washington and southern British
Columbia. It intergrades with Jlaviventris along the eastern base of
the Cascades, in Oregon; with nosopJiora in northwestern Montana;
and probably with parvula in northern Nevada. Specimens from
Spokane Bridge, Wash., are a little darker than the typical form,
and one from Elgin, Oreg., has a slightly larger skull. Specimens
from Rockland, Wash., are intermediate between avara and flavv-
ventris. Melanistic individuals are rare in this race; one from Pull-
man, Wash., has the fore back solid black, faintly grizzled with
white, and the underfur pale gray; the hinder back is gray, the hairs
being black sub terminally and tipped with white; the belly and feet
are black varied with buff ; and the tail is black varied with tawny and
white.

Specimens examined.— Total number, 53, as follows:

British Columbia: Ashcroft, 8; Cascade, G;* Midway, 9;*'^'^ Nicola Valley, 1;"
Okanogan, 9; Penticton, 1;^ Vemon, 1.

Oregon: Elgin, 2; Hamey, 2; Guano Creek, Lake County, 1.

Washington: Cheney, 1; Diamond, 1; Douglas, 1; Pullman (14 miles south-
west), 1; Rockland, 4; Spokane Bridge, 5.

' Four specimens from Okanogan, British Columbia; and Douglas, Wash.

2 Two specimens from Okanogan and Cascade, Briti.sh Columbia.

» Four specimens from southern British Columbia.

< Collection Victoria Mem. Mus.

' Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.

« Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

1915.]

MARMOTA FLAVIVENTEIS GEOUP.

43

MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS SIERRAE subsp. nov.
SoTJTHERN Sierra Marmot.
(PI. IV, fig. 4.)

Type from head of Kern River, Mount Whitney, Cal. (altitude,
9,300 feet). Adult ? , No. fffH, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey
collection. Collected Sept. 3, 1891, by Vernon Bailey; original
number, 3242,

Distribution. — Higher parts of the southern Sierra Nevada from
upper Kern River north to vicinity of Mono Lake.

Characters. — Similar to jiaviventris, but colors redder and buffy
mantle reduced or obsolete; skull smaller.

Color. — General tone of upperparts vinaceous-cinnamon to mikado
brown, narrowly grizzled with white; underfur at base pale bister
succeeded by pale pinkish buff, shading at tips into vinaceous-
cinnamon and on hinder back to orange-cinnamon or mikado brown;
long hairs chestnut-brown or blackish brown subterminally, tipped
with white or bulTy white; top of head and face dark cinnamon-
drab to clove brown, with a rather large patch of white in front of
eyes; sides of neck warm buff; fore legs and feet hazel varied with
light ochraoeous-buff ; hind feet similar, or sometimes light buff, varied
with brown; tail hazel, the bases of hairs light bister; underparts
hght ochraceous-buff, much mixed on sides and belly and bordered
on throat with mikado brown.

STcull. — Similar to that oi fiaviventris, but decidedly smaller; very
similar to that of avara but averaging slightly larger, and nasals longer.

Measurements. — Adult male topotype: Total length, 600; tail
vertebrae, 200; hind foot, 83. Adult malei^ 600; 165; 80. Adult
female:^ 555-645 (average 593); 167-186 (176); 75-80 (77). Slcull:
Adult male: ^ Condylo-basal length, 79.1-85.5 (average 84.7);
palatal length, 44-50.5 (47.7); postpalatal length, 30.8-35 (33);
length of nasals, 32.6-39 (36.3); zygomatic breadth, 52-58.3 (55.8);
breadth across mastoids, 37.5-43.6 (40.8); least interorbital breadth,
17-20.3 (18.1); breadth of rostrum, 17-20 (18.6); maxillary tooth
row, 20.2-20.7 (20.4). Adult female: ^ Condylo-basal length, 77.1-
83.2 (80.1); palatal length, 43.2-47.2 (45.5); postpalatal length, 28.7-
32.2 (30.5); length of nasals, 30.7-36.5 (34.2); zygomatic breadth,
51.4-55.4 (53.6); breadth across mastoids, 37-40 (38.4); least inter-
orbital breadth, 15-18.7 (17.2); breadth of rostrum, 17.4-20.2 (18.4);
maxillary tooth row, 19-20.2 (19.7).

RemarTcs. — ^By reason of the scarcity of specimens from the Cas-
cades (the type region of Jiaviventris) it is impossible satisfactorily to

1 One specimen from East Fork Kaweah Kiver, Cal.

2 Five specimens Irom southern Sierra Nevada, Cal.

3 Six specimens from southern Sierra Nevada, Cal.

44

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

I No. ;;7.

characterize this southern race. The avaihxble specimens, however,
show a decided reduction in size of skull southward, the small form
apparently being confined to the high Sierra south of Mono Lake.
Intergradation with flaviventris occurs in the region between Mono
Lake and Lake Tahoe, and with parvula in the White Mountains,
on the boundary between California and Nevada.
Specimens examined. — Total number, 47, as follows:

California: Big Meadows, Tulare County, 3; Bishop Creek (altitude, 8,000
feet), 2; Cannell Meadows, Tulare County, 2;' Cottonwood Lakes, Inyo
County, 3;' Independence Lake, 1;' Kaweah River (East Fork), 3; Lake
Tenaya, 1; Menache Meadows (near Olancha Peak), 1; Mount Lyell, 1;
Mount Whitney, 9; Mulkey Meadows (15 miles south of Mount 'UTiitney),
1; Owens River (near Mammoth Pass), 1; Roimd Valley (12 miles south
of Mount ^\^litney), 2; San Joaquin River (near head), 4; Siberian Outpost,
Tulare Coimty, 1;' Tuolumne Meadows, 10; ^^^^itney Creek, Tulare County,
1;* Whitney Meadow, Tulare County, 1.'

MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS PARVULA Howell.
Nevada Marmot.
(PI. VII, fig. 2; PI. XIII, fig. 2.)
Marmotaflaviventer parmla Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 1914, p. 14.

Type locality. — ^Jefferson, Toquima Range, Nye County, Nev.
(about 10 miles north of Behnont).

Distribution. — Toyabe and Toquima Ranges, Nev.; and White
Mountains, Cal. (occurring from about 7,800 to 10,000 feet altitude);
probably occupies also other desert ranges in central Nevada.

CJiaracters. — Similar to avara, but smaller and colors darker; in
color resembUng sierrae, but upperpartsless reddish and overlaid with a
buflfy mantle ; skull smaller than that of avara, with narrower rostrum.

Oohr. — ^Underfur of upperparts slaty fuscous at base, succeeded j
by a broad area of cartridge buff on fore back and by light vinaceous- i
cinnamon on hinder back; long hairs dark brown sub terminally, '
tipped on fore back with warm buff and on hinder back with white; |
top of head and face dark Vandyke brown; a band of buff or buffy |
white across face in front of eyes; sides of nose and lips and a large >
patch on chin white varied with buff; sides of neck with a conspicu-
ous patch of warm buflf or cinnamon-buff; underparts ochraceous-
tawny, shading to russet on abdomen and throat; fore legs tawny or
russet, tipped with ochraceous-buff; fore and hind feet varying from
light pinkish cinnamon to russet; tail above, dark chestnut-brown
varied with tawny and grizzled with buff; beneath, blackish brown.

STcuU. — Similar to that of avara, but decidedly smaller, with
rostrum narrowed anteriorly.

1 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.

1915.]

MAEMOTA FLAVIVENT'KIS GROUP.

45

Measurements. — -Adult female:^ Total length, 470-500 (average,
480); tail vertebrae, 130-150 (141); hind foot, 70. STcull: Adult
female: 2 Condylo-basal length, 71.3-73 (72.2); palatal length,
39.4-41 (40.2); postpalatal length, 27-28.6 (27.8); length of nasals,
29.4-30.5 (30); zygomatic breadth, 48.6-49 (48.8); breadth across
mastoids, 34.2-34.3; least interorbital breadth, 15.5-15.6; breadth
of rostrum, 17.2-17.4 (17.3); maxiUary tooth row, 17.7-18.6 (18.2).

Remarks. — This is the smallest of the races oi jlaviventris. It most
resembles ij^icdX jlaviveniris in color, but is even smaller than avara.
Its small size was noted in the field by Vernon Bailey, who collected
the type series. The range of the subspecies is not definitely known
but probably extends at least to the Ruby Mountains where, on top
of one of the peaks, Mr. Bailey found evidences of the presence of
marmots.

A small series in badly worn pelage from White Mountains, Cal., is
provisionally referred to this race, the specimens being intermediate
in size between parvula and sierrae, and agreeing fairly weU in color
with the former, except for a stronger suffusion of red. One adult
female skull agrees with skulls of parvula while a subadult male agrees
equally well with comparable specimens of sierrae.

Two very young specimens from Mountain City, northeastern
Nevada, are also provisionally referred to this race.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 16, as foUows:

Nevada: Arc Dome, Toyabe Range, 6; Jefferson, Toquima Range, 1; Mountain
City, 2.

California: White Mountains (altitude 9,300-10,000 feet), 7.

. MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS ENGELHARDTI Axlen.

Engelhaedt Marmot.

(PI. VII, fig. 4; PL XIII, fig. 4.)

Marmota engelhardti Allen, Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts & Sci., Sci. Bui., 1, 1905, p. 120.

Txjpe locality. — Briggs [=Britt's] Meadow, Beaver Range, Utah
(altitude 10,000 feet).

Distribution. — Beaver and Parawan Mountains, southern Utah;
also Midvale, Idaho ; exact Hmits of range unknown.

Characters. — Similar to Jlaviventris but smaller; underparts and
hind feet darker (redder) ; buffy patches on sides of neck less exten-
sive; larger than parvula, with darker feet and underfur; skuU sim-
j ilar to that of avara but bullae larger.

Color. — General tone of upperparts Vandyke brown, grizzled with
buffy white; underfur fuscous at base succeeded by pinkish buff or
j pinksh cinnamon, the latter shading on sides to Rood's brown; long
j hairs blackish brown, tipped with Hght buff or buffy white; top of

1 Three si)ecimens from Toyabe and Toquima Ranges, Nev.

2 Two specimens from same localities.

46

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. 37.

head and face blaekisli brown, with an irregular white patch in front
of eyes; sides of head mixed brown and bufTy white; sides of neck
with a small area of ocliraceous-buff; legs and feet hazel; tail above,
dark clove brown, tipped with hazel; beneath, blackish brown; under-
parts hazel or ochraceous-tawny, the bases of hairs blackish brown;
sides of nose, lips, and chin, white.

SkuU.^ — Similar to that of avara but audital bullae averaging
larger and more inflated.

Measurements. — Adult female topotype: Total length, 525; tail
vertebrae, 1 10; ^ hind foot, 75. Adult female from Parawan Mountains,
Utah: 554; 154; 68. Immature female topotypes:^ 485-535 (average
507); 139-163 (151); 71-77 (73). Slull: Adult female:" Condylo-
basal length, 76.8-80 (78.4); palatal length, 43.5-46.1 (44.8); post-
palatal length, 29.5-30.7 (30.1); length of nasals, 31-34.6 (32.8);
zygomatic breadth, 52.3-54 (53); breadth across mastoids, 36.5-37.7
(37.2); least interorbital breadth, 16.3-18 (17.1); breadth of rostrum,
17.8-18 (17.9); maxillary tooth row, 18.8-19 (18.9).

Remxirks. — This race is an intermediate form connQcimg fiavwentris
and nosophora, darker beneath than the former but not so reddish as
the latter and lacking also its buffy mantle. It is about the size of
avara with a somewhat shorter tail, but much darker in color. A
specimen from Parawan Mountains, Utah, is paler beneath than the
type and topotypes, the underparts (except throat) and hind feet
being ochraceous-buff varied with brownish. An immature specimen
from Midvale, Idaho, provisionally referred to this form, agrees with
it in color, except that the underfur on the shoulders is paler (light
buff), and in skuU characters so far as they can be determined.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 12, as follows:

Idaho: Midvale, 1.

Utah: Beaver Mountains, 6;* Parawan Mountains, 5.

MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS NOSOPHORA Howell.
Golden-Mantled Marmot.
(PI. I; PI. VIII, fig. 1; PI. XIV, fig. 1.)
MarmotaflaviventernosophoraB.o-weU, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 1914, p. 15.

Type locality. — Willow Creek, 7 miles east of CorvaUis, Mont,
(altitude 4,000 feet).

Distribution. — Rocky Mountain region of Montana, Idaho, and
Wyoming, from Flathead Lake, Mont., south to the Wasatch Moun-
tains, Utah, and east to the Bighorn Moimtains, Wyo.; altitudinal
range from about 3,000 to 11,800 feet.

' No adult males examined.
' Apparently abnormally short.
• Three specimens.

< Three specimens from Beaver and Parawan Ranges, Utah.
' Including type in collection Amer. .Mus. Nat.Hist.

1915.]

MAEMOTA FLAVIVENTEIS GROUP.

47

Characters. — About the size of engelhardti, but with longer tail;
colors much more ochraceous above and redder below, the fore part
of back overlaid with a mantle of golden buff. Compared with
dacota: Slightly smaller, with upperparts less extensively reddish
and more mixed with black, and imderfur decidedly paler; skuU
averaging smaller, with relatively slenderer rostrum and much smaller
palatal foramina.

Color. — Underfur of upperparts at base blackish brown on fore
part of body, becoming fuscous on hinder parts, succeeded by a
broad area of whitish buff (tilleul buff of Ridgway) shading (on
hinder back) to pinkish cinnamon or pale russet; long hairs black
subterminaUy, broadly tipped on fore part of back with warm- or
ochraceous-buff and on hinder part with white or buffy white; top
and sides of head blackish brown, with a conspicuous band of white
or buffy white across face in front of eyes; sides of face mixed with
cinnamon or white; sides of nose, lips, and chin white or buffy white;
sides of neck with ochraceous-buff patches behind ears; fore legs
kaiser brown; hind legs and rump warm buff; hind feet hazel to
russet; tail chestnut-brown or blackish browm, varied with hazel or
cinnamon-buff (fading to dull cinnamon or clay color) ; underparts
hazel shaded with kaiser brown, becoming bright chestnut on throat
and sometimes on beUy. Variation: A dark, brownish color-phase
occurring rarely, and seemingly most frequent at high altitudes, may
be described as follows: General tone of upperparts dark brown
grizzled with white ; underf lu- at base mouse gray (shading on hinder
back to fuscous) succeeded by buffy white (shading on hinder back
to light pinkish cinnamon); long hairs blackish brown, tipped with
white; top and sides of head blackish brown; imderparts mixed
blackish brown and pinkish buff in about equal proportions; throat
shaded with russet; feet and tail blackish brown; legs brownish
mixed with ochraceous-tawny. (Specimen from Lake Fork, Wind
River Mountains, Wyo.; altitude 10,600 feet.)

Slcull. — Females averaging larger than those of engelhardti, with
broader rostrum and interorbital region and smaller buUae. Com-
pared with dacota: Smaller, with narrower rostrum and interorbital
region, and much smaller palatal foramina.

Measurements. — Adult male: ^ Total length, 590-600 (average
595) ; tail vertebrae 159-170 (165) ; hind foot, 78-79 (78.5). Old male
from Pryor Mountains, Mont.: 670; 165; 96. Adult female : ^ 534-
591 (565) ; 145-175 (165) ; 75-85 (78). Slcull: Adult male:^ Condylo-
basal length, 86.7-94.2 (90.6); palatal length, 47.7-53 (50.7); post-
palatal length, 34.2-37.2 (36.2); length of nasals, 35.1-40.4 (37.8);
zygomatic breadth, 55.7-63.7 (59); breadth across mastoids, 41.3-45

" Two specimens from Bitterroot Valley, Mont.

' Seven specimens from Bitterroot Valley, Mont.

3 Six specimens from Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming.

48

NORTH AMKIUCAN FAUNA.

INo. ;{7.

(43); least interorbital breadth, 17.8-22.2 (20.1) ; breadth of rostrum,
19-20.5 (19.8); maxillary tooth row, 19.3-20.8 (20). Adult female;!
Condylo-basal length, 78.2-83.8 (80.4) ; palatal length, 44.1-47 (45.1);
postpalatal length, 29.4-33.5 (31.2) ; length of nasals, 30.8-34.8 (32.4);
zygomatic breadth, 53.2-54.5 (53.9); breadth across mastoids, 37.4-
41.6 (39); least interorbital breadth, 18.5-19.7 (19.1); breadth of ros-
trum, 17-19.3 (18.3); maxillary tooth row, 19.7-20.5 (20.1).

Eemarhs. — This subspecies, one of the handsomest members of the
jlaviventris group, is abmidant and generally distributed in the
northern Rocky Momitain region of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming.
Closely related to dacota of the Black HiEs, it probably intergrades
with that race in central Wyoming. Specimens from the northern
hmit of its range (Horse Plains and WeeksviUe, Mont.) are consider-
ably paler than the typical form, showing approach to avara. The
southern limits of the range of nosopJiora are not known, only a few
specimens having been seen from the Wasatch Mountains, and none
from the Uinta Mountains, Utah. Intergradation with engelhardti
probably occxu"s where their ranges meet.

A brown phase of this subspecies, having the tips of the hairs
white instead of cirmamon-buff and the imderparts mixed brown and
buff instead of red, occurs in some localities with the normal phase.
Several immature specimens, varying somewhat in color, have been
examined from near timberhne in the Wind River Mountains, Wyo.
An adult female in very worn pelage from timberline in the Bear-
tooth Mountains, Mont., is similar to those from the Wind River
Mountains, but the brown of the upperparts is paler, evidently faded,
and the underparts are mixed chestnut and black, shaded with
tawny. Some specimens in this phase somewhat resemble ex-
ternally the members of the monax group but the skulls are typical
of nosopJwra.

This marmot serves as a host for the Rocky Mountain fever tick
(Dermacentor venustus) and thus aids in the dissemination of the
deadly spotted fever, particularly along the western side of the
Bitterroot Valley, Mont., where the disease occurs in its most virulent
form.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 62, as follows :

Idaho: Bear Lake (east side), 1; Bridge, 1; Conant Creek (upper Snake River),
1; Grace, 2; Henry Fork of Snake River, 1; Irwin (20 miles northwest), 1;
Island Park, Snake River, 1; Moody Creek (upper Snake River), 1; PreuBS
Mountains, 1; Sawtooth National Forest, 2; Teton Basin, 1.

Montana: Bass Creek (in mountains northwest of Stevensville), 3; Beartooth
Mountains, 3; Bozeman, 1; Como Lake, 1; Florence, 2; Horse Plains, 4;
Jardine, 1; Pryor Mountains, 2; Ross Fork (15 miles above Darby), 2; Weeks-
viUe, 1; Willow Creek (in mountains east of Corvallis), 3.

» Five specimens Irom Hitterroot Valley, Montana.

1915.]

MAEMOTA FLAVIVENTEIS GROUP.

49

Utah: Blacksmith's Fork (near head), 1; Laketown, 1; Park City, Wasatch
Mountains, 3.

Wyoming: Bighorn Mountains (Trapper's Creek), 6; Fremont Peak, 2; Jackson,
2; Kendall (12 miles north), 1; Lake Fork, Wind River Mountains, 3; Little
Sandy Creek, 3; Lost Cabin (15 miles northwest), 1; Pahaska, 1; Salt River
Mountains (10 miles southeast of Afton), 1; Sheridan, 1.

MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS DACOTA (Meeeiam).

Black Hills Maemot.

(PI. IV, fig. 1; PI. VIII, fig. 3; PI. XIV, fig. 2.)

Arctomys flaviventer Grinnell, Ludlow's Black Hills of Dakota, 1875, p. 82. (Not

of Audubon & Bachman).
Arctomys dacota Merriam, N. Am. Fauna No. 2, 1889, p. 8.
[Marmota] dacota Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl., 1904, p. 344.

Type locality. — Custer, S. Dak.

Distribution. — Black Hills, S. Dak., and Bear Lodge Mountains,
Wyo., southwest to Bridger Pass, Wyo.

Characters. — Size large (equaling Jlaviventris) ; color similar to
that of nosophora but underfur redder and less mixed with black;
skull large, with broad rostrum and vBry large palatal foramina.

Color. — General tone of upperparts orange-cinnamon overlaid
with warm buff; underfiu- at base fuscous or dark mouse gray,
succeeded by pinkish cinnamon or vinaceous-cinnamon on fore back
and by orange-ciimamon on hinder back, darkening to kaiser brown
on sides (sometimes vinaceous-cinnamon to roots on fore back);
long hairs on fore back bright cinnamon-buff at tips with an indis-
tinct subterminal band of hazel or chestnut-brown; on hinder back
chestnut-brown or blackish brown, tipped with white; buttocks
warm buff; top of head and nose blackish brown with a band of
yellowish white across face in front of eyes; sides of nose, hps, and
chin, white or yellowish white; fore legs kaiser brown, feet russet;
hind feet hazel ; tail above, hazel mixed with chestnut-brown; beneath,
blackish brown; underparts kaiser brown shaded with ochraceous-
buff.

STcull. — Similar to that of nosophora but larger, with broad rostrum
and broad palatal foramina.

Measurements. — Adult male:^ Total length, 610-680 (average
643); tail vertebrae, 178-200 (185); hind foot, 81-92 (85). Adult
j female: 525-627 (602); 130-188 (168); 79-84 (81). Slcull: Adult
male: 3 Condylo-basal length, 89.4-95.7 (92.5); palatal length,
50.8-52.2 (51.6); postpalatal length, 35-38.2 (36.6); length of nasals,
37.8-41.1 (39); zygomatic breadth, 59.5-61.4 (60.7); breadth across

1 Five specimens from Black Hills, S. Dak., and Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo.

2 Five specimens from Black Hills, S. Dak.

3 Three specimens from Black Hills, S. Dak., and Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo.
69168°— 15 4

1

!

50

NOKTII AMERICAN FAUNA.

[ No.

mastoids, 42.3-44.7 (43.3); least intororbital broadth, 21.8-23.2
(22.6); broadth of rostrum, 22-23.6 (23); maxillary tooth row,
21-21.7 (21.4). Adult female:' Condjdo-btisal length, 81.4-84.5
(83.1); palatal length, 45.4-47.7 (46.8); postpalatal length, 31.6-33
(32.4); length of nasals, 31.5-35.5 (33.9); zygomatic breadth, 54.2-
56.7 (55.5); breadth across mastoids, 39.4-42.3 (40.5); least inter-
orbital breadth, 19.6-22.5 (20.6) ; breadth of rostrum, 20-22.3 (20.9);
maxillary tooth row, 20.1-20.5 (20.4).

RemarJcs. — This form is the brightest of all the races of the species,
the red and yellow shades being most pronounced and the blacks
and browns reduced to a minimum. It is abundant in the Black
Hills and apparently ranges through eastern Wyoming to Bridger
Pass, intergrating with luteola in the Laramie Mountains.

Specimens examined. — Total nmnber, 19-, as follows:

South Dakota: "Black Hills," 1; Custer, 8; Savoy, 5; Tigerville (near Hil
City), 1.

Wyoming': Bear Lodge Mountains, ] ; Bridger Pass, 3.

MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS LUTEOLA Howell.

Park Marmot.

(PI. VIII, fig. 2; PI. XIV, fig. 3.)

Arctomys flaviventer Allen, Bui. Essex Inst., VI, 1874, p. 57. (Not of Audubon <&
Bachman.)

Marmota flaviventer Warren, Colorado Coll. Pub., Sci. Ser., XI, No. 46, 1906, p. 243

(Not of Audubon & Bachman.)
Marmota engelhardti Cary, N. Am. Fauna No. 33, 1911, p. 98. (Not of Allen.)
Marmota flaviventer luteola Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 1914, p. 15

Type locality. — Woods P. O., in Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyo
(altitude about 7,500 feet).

Distribution. — Mountains of northern Colorado and southeastern
Wyoming, from Park County, Colo., (and probably Fremont County)
north to the Laramie Mountains, Wyo.

Characters. — About the size of dacota and similar in color to it
and nosopliora, but imderparts yellowish instead of deep red, and
fore back overlaid with white instead of warm buff; skull similar
to that of nosophora, but averaging narrower.

Color. — Normal pJtase: Underfur of upperparts dark mouse gray
at base (shading on hinder back to deep dusky drab), succeeded on
fore back by a broad area of warm buff and on hinder back by
ochraceous-buff ; long hairs blackish brown or dark chestnut-brown,
tipped with hght buff or bufFy white; top of head and nose blackish
brown, with a rather large patch of white or ochraceous-buff between
eyes; sides of face mixed brown and buff; sides of nose, lips, and
chin, white, yellowish white, or ochraceous-buff; sides of neck warm

1 Five specimens from liluck Jlills, S. Dak.

1915.]

MAKMOTA FLAVIVENTEIS GROUP.

51

buff (the underfur ochi'aceous-buff ) ; feet hazel or tawny; tail above,
mixed hazel and chestnut-brown; beneath, blackish brown; under-
parts ochraceous-buff (bases of hairs brownish) varied with tawny
along sides; rump and buttocks warm buff. Darlc phase (specimen
from Boulder County, Colo., altitude, 8,000 feet) : Underfur cinnamon-
buff becoming dark cinnamon on hinder back; entire body extensively
mixed with dark chestnut-brown hairs, sparingly tipped on back
with hght buff; feet blackish brown shaded with tawny; light face-
markings reduced.

Slcull. — Very similar to that of nosophora, but averaging relatively
narrower, especially rostrum and interorbital region; buUae smaller.

Measurements. — ^Adult male:^ Total length, 600-650 (average
623); tail vertebrae, 182-220 (200); hind foot, 86-90 (88). Adult
female: 2 552-618 (579); 137-192 (171); 78-85 (81). STcull: Adult
male:^ Condylo-basal length, 86-92.5 (88.3); palatal length, 48.4-
51.1 (49.5); postpalatal length, 33.5-36.5 (35.2); length of nasals,
36-41 (38.4); zygomatic breadth, 55.7-60 (57.9); breadth across
mastoids, 39-43.4 (41.5); least interorbital breadth, 17.3-21.8 (19.2);
breadth of rostrum, 18.9-20.8 (19.6); maxillary tooth row, 19.9-21.4
(20.5). Adult female:* Condylo-basal length, 78.3-85 (81.4); pal-
atal length, 43.7-47.6 (45.7); postpalatal length, 30-33.3 (31.5);
length of nasals, 32.5-35 (33.7) ; zygomatic breadth, 51.7-54.9 (53.3) ;
breadth across mastoids, 37.5-40.5 (38.6) ; least interorbital breadth,
16.4-17.8 (16.9); breadth of rostrum, 17.3-18.3 (17.8); maxillary
tooth row, 19.3-21;4 (20.2).

Remarks. — In studying the marmots of this and related races in
Colorado several puzzling problems have been encountered, the ma-
terial at present available being insufficient satisfactorily to work out
the characters and exact relationships of the forms. The specimens
exhibit considerable individual variation, and, in addition to the dark
phase already described, a light phase, characterized by less yellow-
ish underparts and white tips to the hairs above, occurs in the same
localities with the normal phase. Specimens in this light phase are
known from Meeker, North Park, and Boulder County (altitude
10,300 feet). They rather closely resemble engelJiardti externally,
except that the underfur and feet are paler; the skuUs, however, are
typical of luieola.

The series from Laramie Mountains, Wyo., is intermediate between
i luteola and dacota, the pelage averaging redder and the skulls
relatively shorter and broader than in typical luteola. Most of
this series have large ochraceous-buff face markings. The series
. from Sulphur Springs, Colo., shows intergradation with warreni, the

' Three specimens from southern Wyoming and northern Colorado.

2 Six specimens from northern Colorado.

3 Four specimens from Laramie and Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyo., and Mount Lincoln, Colo.
< Five specimens from northern Colorado.

52

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

I No. ;!7.

sj>ociiiuMis being considerably redder than typical luteola; the skulls,
however, arc typical.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 42, as follows:

Colorado: Boulder County (altitude 8,000-11,000 feet), 4;' Coulter, 1; Elk-
head Mountains, 1; Estes Park, 1; Lake John, 1;^ Longs Peak, 1; Meeker,
2; 2 Middle Park, 1; Mount Lincoln, G;^ North Park, 1;^ Pikes Peak, 1;'
Sheephom Pass, 4;^ Steamboat Springs (18 miles below), 2;^ Sulphur
Springe, 5. *

Wyoming: Laramie Mountains, 7; Riverside, 2; Sherman, 1; Woods P. O., 1.

MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS WARRENI Howell.

Warren's Marmot.

(PI. VI, fig. 4; PI. XII, fig. 2). i

Marmota JlaviverUer warrem" Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 1914, p. IGl

Tijpe locality. — Crested Butte, Colo. I
Distribution. — Western Colorado, from Garfield County south to

Saguache County; exact limits of range unknown.

Characters.— ^\ZQ large (equaling dacota) ; colors deep red with little

buff; skull similar to that of ohscura, larger than that of dacota or

luteola.

Color. — General tone of upperparts hazel, the underfur at base
between mouse gray and fuscous, succeeded by pinkish cinnamon
or cinnamon; long hairs hazel sub terminally, tipped with a small
area of buffy white; top and sides of head dark chestnut or bay;
sides of neck cinnamon-buff; underparts hazel, varied with ochra-
ceous-taAvny, becoming chestnut on lower abdomen and Sanford's
brown on throat; lips soiled whitish, bordered with cream-buff or
pinkish cinnamon; fore legs hazel, shading to auburn on feet; hind
feet and toes hazel, varied with cinnamon ; tail dark chestnut-brown
at base, shading to hazel or tawny; under surface blackish chestnut-
brown.

STcuU. — (Known only from females): Larger than that of dacota
with longer, slenderer rostrum and narrower palatal foramina;
very similar to that of ohscura, but averaging longer and relatively
narrower.

Measurements. — Adult female (type): Totallength, 565; tail verte-
brae, 131 ; hind foot, 82. Skull: ' Adult female: Condylo-basal
length, 83.3-89.3 (average 85.9) ; palatal length, 47-49.3 (47.9); post-
palatal length, 33.6-36.9 (35.5) length of nasals, 36.8-39.2 (38.1);
zygomatic breadth, 57-59 (57.7); breadth across mastoids, 42,9-

» Two in collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.

' Collection E. R. Warren, Colorado Springs, Colo.

• Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

< Collection Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist.

' Three in collection E. R. Warren; one in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

• Three specimens from Crested Butte and Mud Springs, Colo,

1915.]

MARMOTA FLAVIVENTKIS GROUP,

53

44.7 (43.7); least interorbital breadth, 19-21.2 (20.2); breadth of
rostrum, 18.7-20.3 (19.6); maxillary tooth row, 14.9-20.5 (17.4).

Bemarlcs. — This form most nearly resembles luteola in color, but is
much redder (less yellowish) . Its skull also is much larger, agree-
ing rather with that of obscura. It is known from only a few speci-
mens and its range has not been defilnitely determined. It probably
will be found throughout west-central Colorado and adjacent parts
of Utah. In both size and color it differs markedly from engelJiardti,
but additional material may show that the two forms intergrade.
Intergradation with luteola is indicated by a series of specimens from
Sulphur Springs (referred to luteola) , and with ohscura by a specimen
from Florida, Colo, (referred to ohscura).

Specimens' examined. — Total number, 11, as follows:

Colorado: Crested Butte, 4;' Cochetopa Pass (9 miles south), 1; Mud Springs,
Garfield County, 5;^ Sapinero, 1.

MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS OBSCURA Howell.
Dusky Marmot.
(PI. II, fig. 2; PI. VIII, fig. 4; PI. XIV, fig. 4.)
Marmota flaviventer ohscura Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 1914, p. 16.

Type locality. — Wheeler Peak, 5 miles south of Twining, N. Mex.
(altitude, 11,300 feet).

Distribution. — Upper slopes of high peaks in northern New Mexico
and southern Colorado, from Pecos Baldy, N. Mex., north to Sierra
Blanca, vicinity of Fort Garland, and to San Juan Range near Osier,
Colo, (formerly in the Manzano and Datil Mountains, N. Mex.) ; occurs
in Hudsonian and upper Canadian Zones from about 9,600 feet alti-
tude to the summits of the peaks (13,300-13,700 feet).

Characters. — Size large (exceeding dacota and eqaaXiag jlaviventris) ;
sexes about same size; tail long; colors dark brown mixed with white,
with relatively little of the buff or tawny shades of other races; face
usually without white markings; skuU similar to those of warreni and
dacota.

Color. — Adults: General tone of upperparts dark brown, grizzled
with white, becoming cinnamon on hinder back in some individuals;
underfur clove brown succeeded by pinkish buff, shading in some
specimens to pinkish cinnamon on hinder back and rump; long hairs
dark chestnut-brown, finely grizzled with white; head and face dark
chestnut-brown or black, grizzled with white on sides of face, rarely
with a whitish band across nose; sides of nose, lips, and chin, white
or buffy white; feet dark chestnut-brown often extensively mixed
with white or buffy hairs, or sometimes cinnamon-buff shaded with
dark brown; tail chestnut-brown, shading to blackish brown beneath;

> Three in collection E. R. Warren.

« Fotir In collection E. R. Warren; one in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

54

NOHTU AMEIUCAIS I'AUNA.

I No. .•i7.

ululorparts nuxod dark cliestuut^browu or blackish brown and pale
hulF (tiJloul buff of Ridgway) in varjung proportions, buff usually
most pronounced in the median line; chin, and sometimes tliroat,
shaded with tawny or bay. Young (Osier, Colo.): General tone
above, clove brown (becoming slightly more tawny on hinder back)
sparingly grizzled with white; imderparts mbced blackish brown and
light buff; tail snuff brown above, pale clove brown below; hind feet
same color as under side of tail, overlaid with light buff.

Skull. — Similar to that of dacota, males about the same size or
slightly smaller, females larger; nasals (in females) averaging longer;
palatal foramina narrower; interpterygoid fossa broader; postorbital
constriction narrow; similar to that of warreni but averaging shorter
and relatively broader with slightly broader premaxiUae.

Measurements. — Adult male:^ Total length, G45-664 (average 655);
tail vertebrae, 180-220 (204) ; hmd foot, 90-92 (90.7). Adult female:*
630-670 (646); 180-220 (190); 88-90 (89.3). Skull: Adult male :-^
Cond.ylo-basal length, 88.3-90.8 (89.5); palatal length, 49.4-52.7 (51);
postpalatal length, 34-35.2 (34.6); length of nasals, 36.4-38.4 (37.4);
zygomatic breadth, 60.2-60.4 (60.3); breadth across mastoids, 41.5-
41.7 (41.6); least interorbital breadth, 21-21.1; breadth of rostrum,
21.9-23.3 (22.6); maxillaiy tooth row, 19-19.8 (19.4). Adult female : '
Condylo-basal length, 84.5-89.5 (87.7); palatal length, 48.4-50.3
(49.3); postpalatal length, 31.9-35.7 (34.2); length of nasals, 35.4-39
(37.5); zygomatic breadth, 59.4-60.6 (59.8); breadth across mas-
toids, 41-43.8 (42.7); least interorbital breadth, 20.4-22.3 (21.1);
breadth of rostrum, 22.3-22.4; maxillary tooth row, 20-21.

Remarks. — This is the darkest and one of the largest of the races
of Jlaviventris. In its dark colors and the absence of light face mark-
ings it somewhat resembles the monax group. It is closely related to
warreni and probably intergrades with it, but material from southern
Colorado is too scanty to show clearly its relationships. A badly worn
skin without skull from' "Fort Massachusetts" [ = moimtains near]
has been in the National Museum collection for many years, but not ^
until 1903 and 1904, when Vernon Bailey collected a fine series of
adults in the Pecos River and Taos Mountains, N. Mex., was it possi-
ble to determine the characters of the species.

In a series of 12 specimens from Osier, Colo., in the San Juan
Range, about half of the individuals are considerably paler above
than in the typical form, being uniformly pinkish cinnamon grizzled
with white, without prominent brownish markings. A badly worn
specimen from Florida, Colo., is decidedly redder above, particularly
on the head and feet, indicating apparent intergradation with

1 Four specimens from New Mexico.

'Two spacimens from Wheeler Peak, N. Mex.

' Three specimens from Wheeler Peak an'I Popos Bal'ly, N. Mex.

1915.]

MAEMOTA FLAVIVENTEIS GKOUP.

55

warreni. Strangely, however, the skull of this spechnen is not like
that of either warreni or ohscura, but agrees well with that of luteola.

Several lower jaws and fragments of crania, found in a cave on
the Manzano Mountains by Archibald Rea, and broken pieces of a
skull secured by Dr. Walter Hough from a cave on the Tularosa River
near Old Fort Tularosa (south slope of the Datil Range) indicate the
former occurrence of this species in those ranges. The jaws from
the Manzano Moimtains agree essentially with recent material, but
the fragment from the Tularosa River is not specifically identifiable.

Of the habits of this marmot, Vernon Bailey in his field notes
says:

They live entirely in or among rocks and prefer open country, either in parks or
above timber line. They often burrow under large bowlders in the parks and mead-
ows, but more often live in fathomless piles of broken rock piled along the base of
cliffs, or in seams and crevices of the cliffs themselves.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 24, as follows:

Colorado: Osier, San Juan Moimtains (altitude, 9,625 feet), 12;' Florida, La
Plata County (altitude, 7,200 feet), 1;^ "Fort Massachusetts" [probably from
Sierra BlancS Peak], 1.

New Mexico: Pecos Baldy, 2; Truchas Peak, 2; Wheeler Peak, 4; Aqua Fria
Peak, 2.

Cranial Measurements of the Marmota flaviventris Group.

No.

Species and locality.

Sex.

Condylo-basal length.

Palatal length.

Postpalatal length.

Length of nasals.

Zygomatic breadth.

Breadth across mas-
toids.

Least tnter-orbital
breadth.

Breadth of rostrum.

Maxillary tooth row.

Remarks.

Marmota flaviventris flaviventris.

100532

97.1

55

38.2

42.6

62.3

46

2

23

22.3

20.9

Adult.

4750

Fort Crook, Gal

94

54

37.6

42.5

44

4

2L2

23

20

Do.

203080

Mount Hood, Greg

[(??]

92.5

52.3

41

1

22

23

19.5

Do.

80360

87

48.7

33.7

37

58.4

40

7

19.2

19.6

20

Do.

191351

86.2

48.7

34.5

37.2

40

4

17.3

19.4

21

Do.

3 11901

Glen Alpine Springs, Cal

?

84.1

48.2

32.7

37

57.' 6

39

2

19

21.2

20.5

Do.

23951

Carson, Nev

?

84.6

48.5

31.8

35.4

55.4

39

6

18.7

21.4

22.1

Do.

Marmota flaviventris avara.

99759

Okanogan, British Columbia

85.7

47.9

34. S

37.6

56.7

42

2

19.5

20

19.3

Adult.

4 917

Cascade, British Columbia

86.5

48.8

34

36.6

55. 6

39

1

17.8

19.4

19

Do. .

94343

Okanogan, British Columbia

9

78

43.3

31

33.2

52.7

37

6

18

16.8

17.8

Do.

178842

do

76.4

42.6

30.3

31.5

52.5

38

6

17.1

17.3

19.1

Do.

1 1107

Midway, British Columbia

79.4

44.6

30.8

33.5

37

8

17.4

17

19

Do.

Marmota flaviventris sierrae.

' 15157

Cannell Meadows, Tulare Coim-

ty^ Cal

85.5

47.8

34.3

36.6

57.3

40

7

18.5

20

20.2

Old.

3 15165

Whitney Creek, Tulare County,

Cal

S

90.2

50.5

35

37

58.3

43

6

20.3

20

20.5

Adult.

42641

d-

79.1

44

30.8

32.6

52

37

5

17

17.4

20.2

Subadult.

41198

do

c?

84.5

48

32.4

39

54.6

41

5

17.8

17

20.2

Do.

42859

do

82.1

46.3

32.2 37.4

55.2

39

3

18.1

18.2

20

Adult.

•15163

Whitney Meadow, Cal

77.3

44.7

28.7 32

52.7

37

16.5

17.4

19

Old.

. 41950

Head San Joaquin River, Cal

81

46

31

34.4

37

9

18.7

18.6

19.5

Do.

1 Collection Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist. » Collection Mus. Vert. Zoo!., Univ. of California.

2 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. i Collection Victoria Mem. Mus.

56 NORTH AMERICAN KAUNA. INo. ST.

Cranial nuasttrt metUs of the Marmota JlavivciUris group — CouUmicd.

No.

Species and locality.

Sex.

Condylo-basal length.

Palatal length.

Postpalatal length.

Length of nasals.

Zygomatic breadth.

Breadth across mas-
toids.

Least inter-orbits
breadth.

Breadth of rostrum.

Maxillary tooth row.

Romark.s.

M armola flav'wtntris parvula.

93689

Arc Dome, Toyabo Uange, Nov. .

73

41

28.6

30.5

48.6

34.3

15.5

17.2

17.7

Adult.

93690

Jollorson, Toquima Range, Nov.

71.3

39.4

27

29. 4

49

34.2

15.6

17.4

18.6

Adult; typo.

J^fdTTnotQ fldvivcniris cixQdJuixtJti.

157R28

Beaver Mountains Utali

(9?)

80

46. 1

30. 7

34.fi

54

37.5

17

17.8

19

158978

do '

78.4

44.8

30.2

33

52.3

36.5

16.3

18

19

Do.

158500

Parawan Mountains, Utah

76.8

43.5

29.5

31

52.8

37.7

18

18

IS. 8

Do!

Marmota flaviventrU nosophora.

168493

(?

86.7

47.7

34.2

35.1

55.7

41.3

17.8

19.5

20.1

Young adult.

156924

Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho

d"

90

50. 3

35. 5

38. 5

59.5

43. 1

19

19.0

19.5

Adult.

191363

Conant Creek, Idaho

92.2

52. 3

35. 2

39. 1

57.3

42

21

20.5

20.8

Yonng adult.

6G709

I'rvor Mountains Mont

94. 2

53

37.2

40. 4

63. 7

45

22.2

20

20.4

Adult.

16S473

Bilterroot Valley Mont

S3. 8

46.2

33.5

34.8

54.5

41.6

19.5

19.3

20.2

Do.

168472

do

78.2

42.5

31.8

30.8

54

37.6

19.2

18. 7

20.3

Do!

168494

do

79

45.5

30

32.8

53.2

40

19.7

17

19.8

Afllllf" tvTM>

Marmota flaviventris dacota.

186474

Custer, S. Dak

<?

89.4

50.8

35

38

59.5

43

21.8

22

21.5

Subadul t;

65920

Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo

S

95.7

52.2

38.2

41.1

61.3

44.7

23.2

23.3

21.7

Adult.

25529

Bridger Pass \Vyo

<?

90.5

51

311.2

38.4

01.7

41.8

18.2

20.5

20.9

Do.

191365

Cn-^tpr R Dak

83.5

47.6

31.8

34. 1

56.7

40.0

20.7

20

20.1

Do!

191306

do

9

81.8

45.4

32.5

31.5

55.3

39.5

20

20.5

20.3

Do!

168884

fiavov S Dak

9

84.5

47.7

33

35

55.7

40.7

19.6

20.4

20.5

Do!

Marmota flaviveniris luteola.

186520

Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyo.

0

87

48 4

oo. J

Ou

oo. 1

40 0

1 7

21 4

Subadult

25523

87.8

49.5

35.5

37.3

00

43.4

20.2

19.0

19.9

type.
Adult.

' 175

Mount Lincoln, Colo

92.5

51.1

30.5

41

59.4

43

21.8

20.8

21

Old.

2 2279

85

47.6

33.3

34

54.9

40.5

17.4

17.7

21.4

Adult.

2 3998

Lake John, Colo

[|?]

81.3

45.3

31.7

33

54

39

16.4

17.7

19.3

Do.

139082

Coulter, Colo

78.3

43.7

30

34

52.3

38.5

16.5

17.3

19. 5

Do.

Kfnrmntn ilnDillfititrtn lUftrrfiTti

202937

89.3

49.3

36.1

39.2

59

44.7

21.2

20.3

10,7

A (\ nit:' ivnO.

2 134

do

83.3

47.4

30.9

36. 8

57

42.0

19

19. y

14.9

Adult.

2 2512

85.1

47

33. C

38.2

57

43.4

20.3

18.7

20. 5

Do.

Marmota flaviventrU obscura.

135504

Wheeler Peak, N. Mex

90.8

62.7

34

38.4

60.4

41.7

21

23.3

19

Adult.

133506

do

88.3

49.4

35.2

36.4

60.2

41.5

21.1

21.9

19.8

Do.

128750

Pecos Haldy, N. Mex

89.5

50.3

35

39

59.4

43.8

20.4

22.4

21

Do.

133505

Wheeler Peak, N. Mex

84.5

48.4

31.9

35.4

59.4

41

20.5

22.3

20

Do.

133507

do

88.1

49.3

35.7

38.2

60.6

43.3

22.3

22.3

20

Do.

> Collection Mus. Comp. Zool. 2 Collection E. R. Warren, Colorado Springs, Colo.

Marmota caligata Group.

The caligata group includes three species : M. caligata, M. olympus,
and M. vancouverensis.

External characters. — Size large ;^ tail long (about 27 to 33 per cent
of total length); ears relatively small (actually smaller than those of

« Weight of 6 specimens as follows: 9 lbs. (2 9 , cascaden-iis); 11 lbs. ( <f , cascademis); Hi lbs. ( 9 , olymput);
15} lbs. (ij fOxylona); 17 lbs. (old 'J ,cajicadensiii).

1915.]

MARMOTA CALIGATA GROUP.

57

M. monax) ; posterior pads on sole of hind foot subcircular and situ-
ated near edges of sole (see PI. Ill, fig. 1); mammae: ^ P- f J A. f ;
I. ^= 10; colors mainly black and white, shaded with cinnamon-buff
on hinder parts, or upperparts of solid colors — brownish drab, russet,
or Vandyke brown.

Cranial characters. — SkuU with superior outline nearly straight (as
in the other American groups); interorbital region and postorbital
processes much as in. the Jlaviventris group ;^ nasals naiTO wed posteri-
orly, usually about same width at posterior end as premaxillae or
slightly narrower (wider in olympus) ; temporal ridges uniting in old
age to form a pronounced sagittal crest; anterior portion of floor of
basi-occipital nearly flat, bounded posteriorly by two low processes
which unite at about middle of basi-occipital, continuing as a pro-
nounced ridge to the foramen magnum; anterior portion often with two
rather pronounced depressions on either side of the median ridge;
palate beveled at posterior border (as in Jlaviventris group) ; interptery-
goid fossa relatively narrow (compared with monax) ; palatal foramina
variable in shape; molar teeth similar to those of monax; maxillary
tooth rows divergent anteriorly; anterior face of incisors ivory yellow
to orange-buff.

Geographic distribution. — ^From the Endicott Range, Alaska — the
most northerly range in the Rocky Mountains — -and the Alaska
Peninsula south to the Olympic Mountains and Mount Rainier, Wash.,
and the Bitterroot and Salmon River Mountains in central Idaho;
also on Vancouver Island. Confined entirely to mountain sides at
and above timberline except in the north, where the animals live in
open meadows and descend to tide water. (See fig. 3.)

RemarTcs. — The members of this group may readily be distinguished
by their greater size and their peculiar coloration — either mixed
black and white or solid brownish. All of the races of Marmota cali-
gata are colored much aUke, differing mainly in relative proportions
of black and white and in skull characters. M. olympus, isolated on
the Olympic Peninsula, has developed a brownish drab coloration
with relatively little black or white, and M. vancouverensis, dwelling
on Vancouver Island, has lost aU of the black and white colors and
attained a dark seal brown pelage.

MARMOTA CALIGATA (Eschscholtz).
[Synonymy under subspecies.]

External characters. — (See under Marmota caligata group, excepting
color.)

Cranial characters. — (See under Marmota caligata group.)

Color. — ^Fore part of back mixed black and white in varying pro-
portions, sometimes with a buffy or brownish tinge; hinder back
similar, but usually strongly suffused with cinnamon-buff or pinkish

' As in M. ftaviventra. 2 Excepting M. olympus, which is relatively wider Lat^rorbitally.

58

NORTH AM ERICA M FAUNA.

[No. :{7.

FiQ. 3.— Distribution of tho Marmota culiijala group. Boundaries of ranges of subspecies are in

nany places theoretical.

1915.]

MARMOTA CALIGATA GEOUP.

59

cinnamon, sometimes tinged with hazel or vandyke brown; under-
fur dark hair-brown, bone brown, clove brown, bister, mouse gray,
fuscous, or fuscous-black; sides of head and neck cinnamon, ochi"ace-
ous-cinnamon, vandyke brown or blackish brown, more or less mixed
with white or buffy white; borders of nose, lips, and chin soiled whit-
ish; top of head and face black or blackish brown; face in front of
and between eyes more or less extensively marked with white; legs
usually same color as back; feet black or blackish brown, the front feet
often with white markings, the hind feet mixed with cinnamon; tail
above, cinnamon, pinkish cinnamon, cinnamon-buff, clay color,
chestnut-brown, or bay, often mixed with hazel or vandyke brown;
beneath, chestnut-brown, clove brown, blackish brown, or hessian
brown, mixed with hazel, bay, or ochraceous-tawny; underparts
white, grayish white, or clay color, varied with cinnamon, cinnamon-
buff, or blackish brown.

Geographic distribution. — 'From the Endicott Range and the Alaska
Peninsula, Alaska, south to Mount Rainier, Wash., and the Bitter-
root and Salmon River Mountains, Idaho.

MARMOTA CALIGATA CALIGATA (Eschscholtz).

Northern Hoary Marmot.

(PL IV, fig. 6; PL IX, fig. 4; PL XV, fig. 3.)

Arctomys pruinosa Richardson, Zool. Jour., Ill, 1828, p. 518. (Not of Gmelin.^)

Arctomys caligata Eschscholtz, ZooL Atlas, Part II, 1829, p. 1, Plate VI.

Arctomys pruinosus Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Amer., I, 1829, p. 150; Baird, Mamm.

N.Am., 1857,p.345;Allen,Mon.N. Am. Rodentia, 1877,p.924. (Notof Gmelin.)
Arctomys caligatus Tyrrell, Proc. Canadian Inst., 3rd Ser., VI, 1888, p. 88.
Marmotta caligata Allen, Bui. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1903, p. 539.
Marmota caligata MacFarlane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905, p. 751.

Type locality. — Bristol Bay, Alaska.

Distribution. — ^Alaska and Yukon, from the Portland Canal north
on the coast to Bristol Bay, and in the interior to the Endicott
Range and the mountains lying westward of Fort Good Hope,
Mackenzie.

Characters. — Size medium (for the group) ; colors moderately white;
skull relatively short and broad.

Color. — General tone of upperparts white, moderately tipped
with black, becoming cinnamon-buff on hinder back and rump;
underfur at base fuscous or dark mouse gray (shading on hinder
back to bister), succeeded on fore back by a broad area of white
which gradually shades to cinnamon-buff on hinder back (in some

^Arctomys ■pruinosa, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 144— based on the hoary marmot of Pennant. A
careful comparison of Pennant's description mth specimens of the several American species leads to the
conclusion that this species is unidentifiable; the name pruinosa is therefore rejected.

60

NOHTII AMEHICAN KAUNA.

i No. -.M.

specimens iinderfur between shoulders white to roots) ; top of head
and face bhick, with a white patch in front of eyes often covering
the whole face; black of crown usually extending from ear back
over shouldei-s in the form of two divergent (more or less indistinct)
stripes; sides of face mixed brown and white (often nearly white);
fore legs white or buffy white, hind legs pale cinnamon-buff; fore and
bind feet black or blackish brown; tail above, cinnamon-bufl", tipped
with blackish bromi or bay, the bases of the hairs extensively
dark chestnut-brown (or sometimes natal brown) ; beneath, blackish
brown or chestnut-brown, sometimes tinged with hazel or ochra-
ceous-tawny; underparts soiled whitish, sometimes mixed with black
or blackish brown.

Slcull. — Relatively short and broad with short, broad rostrum;
zygomata broadly expanded posteriorly; nasals long, extending
beyond ends of premaxillae; postorbital constriction rather broad.

Measurements. — Adult male:^ Total length, 710-715; tail verte-
brae, 210-218; hind foot, 91-105. Adult female:^ 675; 190; 95.
SlcuU: Adult male:^ Condylo-basal length, 96.5-100.6 (average98. 7);
palatal length, 55.7-57.4 (56.4); postpalatal length, 36.5-38.2 (37.4);
length of nasals, 38.4-42.3 (40.7); zygomatic breadth, 64.5-68 (66.3);
breadth across mastoids, 44-46.2 (44.4); least interorbital breadth,
24.3-27.6 (25.8); breadth of rostrum, 23.7-26.1 (24.6); maxillary
tooth row, 22-23.8 (22.6). Adult female:* Condylo-basal length,
92.8-96.4 (94.2); palatal length, 53-54.8 (53.8); postpalatal length,
35-38 (36.3); length of nasals, 38-39.7 (38.8); zygomatic breadth,
61.6-64.1 (62.7); breadth across mastoids, 40-43.3 (41.9); least inter-
orbital breadth, 23-25 (23.9); breadth of rostrum, 22.1-24.5 (23.2);
maxillary tooth row, 20.6-22,5 (21.7).

Remarks. — This race has an extensive distribution in Alaska and
Yukon and shows little variation over its whole range. In the
southern part it is confined to the region near the coast but in the
north it occupies the interior mountain ranges as far east as the
main Rocky Mountains in northwestern Mackenzie. In specimens
from the Kenai Peninsula the nasals average somewhat shorter than
in typical specimens, rarely extending back of the posterior ends of
the premaxillae, but the skidls show no other differences. Speci-
mens from the southern coast of Alaska as far south as the Portland
Canal (with the exception of the vigilis series from Glacier Bay) are
typical, but intergradation with oxytona occurs a short distance from
the coast in northern British Columbia, the series from Cheonee
Mountains being distinctly intermediate in character. The form
occupying the northern Rockies in eastern Yukon and western

' Two specimens from head of Coal Creek, Yukon.

2 One specimen from same locality.

3 Five gpccimens from Becharof Lake, Ala.ska.

* Seven specimens: 6 from Alaska Peninsula, 1 from Coal Creek, Yukon.

1915.]

MARMOTA CALIGATA GROUP.

61

Mackenzie is provisionally referred to this race, no skulls from this
entire region being available.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 102, as follows:

Alaska: Aleknagik Lake, 2; Becharof Lake, 12; Cape Elizabeth, 8; Charlie
River (near head), 1; Chickamin River (Behm Canal), 2;' Cordova Bay, 3;'
Disenchantment Bay, 1;^ Fort Yukon, I f Hinchinbrook Island, 4; Juneau,
4; Kanatak, Portage Bay, 1; Kenai Mountains, 10;' Kenai Peninsula, 4;
Mount McKinley, 1; Portage Bay, 5; Port Snettisham, 2;* Seldovia, 7;*
Toklat River (near head), 1; Valdez Narrows, 1;* White Pass, 4; Yakutat
Bay, 2; no specific locality, 2.

British Columbia: Bennett, 2; Cheonee Mountains, 15.'

Mackenzie: Fort Good Hope (mountains west of), 1.

Yukon: Coal Creek (head) 4; Kalzas Creek, Pelly River, 2.

Marmota vigilis Heller, Univ. of California Pub. Zool., V, 1909, p. 248.

Type locality. — West shore of Glacier Bay, Alaska.

Distribution. — Known only from type locality.

Characters. — Similar in size and skull characters to caligata;
variable in color, but constantly darker than caligata, with a strong
tendency to run to blacks and browns; top of head and hind feet always
brown (except in purely melanistic individuals) ; underparts darker.

Color. — Normal fresh pelage (June 12): Upperparts soiled whitish
with a buffy tinge ; underfur clove brown at roots, sparingly mixed
with dull brown or black; hinder back shading to cinnamon-buff,
darkest on rump and hind legs, extensively tipped with blackish
brown; underparts dull clay color mixed with grayish white; nose,
top of head, and feet blackish brown; sides of face mixed cinnamon-
buff and blackish brown; tail above, mixed clay color and chestnut-
brown; beneath, blackish chestnut-brown shading to hessian brown
in anal region. Variation: The above description is based on the
hghtest and apparently most normally colored individual in the
series of topotypes. Between this phase and the pure black phase
are found numerous intermediate specimens, some as white beneath
as caligata and as dark above as oxytona, while others are soHd black-
ish brown very similar to M. vancouverensis , but slightly blacker; the
hind feet and usually the tail are blackish brown; fore feet black or
very dark brown.

Skull. — Not appreciably different from that of caligata.

Measurements — Adult male:* Total length, 630-745 (average, 676) ;
tail vertebrae, 197-210 (205) ; hind foot, 92-102 (97). Adult female : «
620-680 (652); 170-212 (191); 90-95 (92). Slcull: Adult male:^ Con-
dylo-basal length, 97.2-98.4 (97.6); palatal length, 54.7-55.8 (55.3);

MARMOTA CALIGATA VIGILIS Heller.

Glaciee Marmot.

' Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.

2 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

' Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

< Five specimjens from type locality,
■i Three specimens from type locality.

62

NOBTir AMERICAN FAUNA.

I No. :!7.

postpiilatjil length, 3G.7-38 (37.5) ; longtli of nasjils, 3cS.9-41.5 (40.0);
zygomatic broudth, 62-67.7 (64.8); breadth across mastoids, 43.2-44.6
(43.8); least iuterorbitiil breadth, 22.6-26 (24.3); breadth of rostrum,
21.1-23.5 (22.2); maxilUuy tooth row, 21.8-22.5 (22.2). Adult
female: • Coudylo-basal length, 93.7; palatal length, 51.6; postpalatal
length, 37.7; length of nasals, 39.6; zygomatic breadth, 61.8; breadth
across mastoids, 42.3; least interorbital breadth, 24.5; breadth of
rostrum, 21.3; maxillary tooth row, 22.

Remarlcs. — -Tliis form is apparently an incipient species or race in
which the chai-acters have not as yet become fixed. It shows the
same tendency to become bro'svn that appeal's so strikingly in M. varin
couverensis, and to a lesser degree in M. olympus. Its range is appar-
ently limited to the region about Glacier Bay (since specimens from
Yakutat Bay, White Pass, and Juneau are referable to caligata) but
whether it is actually isolated is not kno^vn.

Specimens examined. — Ten, from type locality.^

MARMOTA CALIGATA SHELDONI Howell.
Montague Island Marmot.
Marmota caligata sheldoni Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasliington, XXVII, 1914, p. 18.

Type locality. — -Montague Island, Alaska.

Distribution. — Known only from type locality.

Characters. — Similar to caligata, but size smaller and nasals shorter.

Color. — -Upperparts mixed white and black, whitest on fore back,
shading to cinnamon-buff on rump; underfur fuscous, shading on
hinder back to natal brown; top of head black; a large white patch
on face in front of eyes; sides of fac3 mixed blackish brown and cinna-
mon; tail deep cinnamon-buff or ochraceous-buff, mixed with black,
the bases of hairs chestnut-bro^vn; underparts white, tinged with
cinnamon.

STcull. — Similar to that of caligata, but decidedly smaller; nasals
shorter and broader posteriorly, terminating usually about on a line
with ends of premaxillae ; premaxillae narrower.

Measurements. — ^Adult male topotype: Total length, 670; tail ver-
tebrae, 185; hind foot, 94. Adult female topotype: 640; 180; 90.
Slcull: Adult male: 3 Condylo-basal length, 89.5-96.6 (average, 93.6) ;
palatal length, 51.2-55.4 (53.3); postpalatal length, 34.3-37 (35.5);
length of nasals, 35-39 (37.3); zygomatic breadth, 61.5-63.4 (62.4);
breadth across mastoids, 41.3-42.4 (41.9); least interorbital breadth,
22.5-23.8 (23.3); breadth of rostrum, 20.5-21.8 (21.2); maxillary
tooth row, 22.2-23.1 (22.5). Adult female:' Condylo-basal length,
88.7; palatal length, 50.2; postpalatal length, 34; length 'of nasals, 37;
zygomatic breadth, 59.4; breadth across mastoids, 39.7; least

> One specimen from type locality. ' Four .Mpecimen-s from type locality.

- Seven in collec tion Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.

1915.]

MARMOTA CALIGATA GROUP.

63

interorbitai breadth, 22.2; breadth of rostrum, 20.5; maxillary tooth
row, 21.8.

Remarks. — -This race is a small form of caligata, confined to Mon-
tague Island, and differing from the typical race in size and skull
characters. On Hinchinbrook Island, separated from Montague
Island by only a narrow channel, the typical form is found.

Specimens examined. — Seven, from type locality.^

MARMOTA CALIGATA OXYTONA Hollister.

RoBsoN Hoary Marmot.

(PL III, fig. 1; PI. IV, fig. 3; PI. IX, fig. 2; PI. X, fig. 4.)

Marmota sibila Hollister, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 56, No. 35, 1912, p. 1. (Not Arctomys
sibila Wolf.)

Marmota oxytona Hollister, Science, N. S., XXXIX, No. 998, Feb. 13, 1914, p. 251
(new name for Marmota sibila Hollister).

Type locality. — ^Head of Moose Pass branch of Smoky River,
Alberta (altitude, 7,200 feet).

Distribution. — Interior of northern British Columbia, southwestern
Mackenzie ( ?), and southern Yukon, from Teslin Lake andLiard River
south to Barkerville, British Columbia, and the Mount Robson region,
British Columbia and Alberta.

Characters. — Colors much blacker and tail darker than in caligata;
skull larger and relatively narrower; males but little larger than
females.

Color. — -Upperparts as in caligata, but more extensively tipped with
black, the underfur fuscous, shading to deep mouse gray or fuscous-
black; hinder back dark cinnamon-buff, tinged with hazel and
heavily mixed with black; top of head black with rather small white
patches; cheeks ochraceous-cinnamon, varying to buffy white; tail
above, dark cinnamon-buff mixed "with bay, the bases of the hairs
chestnut-brown or blackish brown; beneath, blackish brown, tinged
with bay; underparts soiled whitish mixed with duU cinnamon, the
bases of the hairs blackish brown.

Skull. — Much longer and relatively narrower than that of caligata,
with long rostrum; zygomata less widely expanded posteriorly; zygo-
matic arch longer and distance from squamosal arm to tip of post-
orbital process greater; nasals terminating on a line with ends of
premaxiUae or slightly posterior; interpterygoid fossa relatively
narrower.

Measurements. — Adult male: ^ Total length, 720-775 (average, 747) ;
tail vertebrae, 210-235 (221); hind foot, 100-110 (105.6). Adult
female: « 720-740 (730); 210; 95-105 (100). Slull: Adult male:"

1 Five in collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.

2 Five specimens from British Columbia (Mount Robson to Thudade Lake).

2 Two specimens from Sustut Mountains, British Columbia; and head of Smoky River, Alberta.
< Seven specimens from northern British Columbia.

()4

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

I No. 37.

Coudylo-basal length, 101-107.4 (103.6) ; palatal length, 57-62.5 (58.9) ;
postpalatid length, 3S.3-41.7 (40.1); length of nasals, 41.5-45.3
(43.2); zygomatic breadth, 62.8-67.4 (65.8); breadth across mastoids,
44.2-48.3 (46.6); least intororbital breadth, 24-25.8 (25.3); breadth
of rostrum, 22-24.8 (23.1); maxillary tooth row, 22-23.5 (22.8).
Adult female:! Condylo-basal length, 101.8-104.6 (103.2); palatal
length, 56.5-61.2 (58.9); postpalatal length, 36.4-41.1 (38.8); length
of nasals, 41-43.6 (42.3) ; zygomatic breadth, 65.3-66.2 (65.8) ; breadth
across mastoids, 45.9-47.3 (46.6) ; least interorbital breadth, 25.4-26.7
(26); breadth of rostrum, 23-23.3; maxillary tooth row, 22.7.

Rcmarl's.— This is the darkest and one of the largest of the races
of caligata. It intergrades with caligata in northern British Columbia
and southern Yukon, and with okanagana in southern British Colum-
bia, but the material at present available is not sufficient to show the
exact limits of its range. Specimens from the Liard River (Fort
Halkett and Fort Liard) are provisionally referred to this race, no
skulls from this region being available and the skins being rather
indeterminate in characters. Additional material from the northern
Rockies may extend the known range of this form farther northward
in the interior.

A series from near Teslin Lake, Yukon, is intermediate between
caligata and oxytona; the skulls are smaller than those of typical
oxytona, some of them even smaller than those of caligata, but rel-
atively narrower. The nasals, though actually longer than in cali-
gata, do not extend so far back of the ends of the premaxillae, in this
character agreeing with oxytona.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 63, as follows:

Alberta: Smoky River (near Moose Pass), 2.

British. Columbia: Babine (mountains near), 3; Barkerville, 5; Finlay River
(mountains near head), 1; Fort Halkett, 1;^ Klappan River (mountains
near), 3; Laurier Pass, 1; Level Mountain, 1;^ McConnell Creek (near Sus-
tut Mountains), 1; Moose Pass, 2; Moose River (north fork), 2; Sheslay
River, 2;^ Stuart Lake, 2; Sustut Mountains, 4; Thudade Lake, 2.

Mackenzie: Fort Liard, 2.

Yukon: Teslin Lake (mountains near), 29*

MARMOTA CALIGATA OKANAGANA (King).
Okanagan Hoary Marmot.
(PI. X, fig. 3.)

Arctomys okanaganus ^ King, Narr. Joum. to Shores of Arctic Ocean, II, 1836, p. 236.
Arciomys pruinosus, Audubon and Bachman, Quad. N. Am., Ill, 1854, p. 17, Plate

cm. (Not of Gmelin.)
[Marmota] okanagana Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 1914, p. 17

(type locality fixed).

1 Two specimens from head of Smoky River, Alberta.

2 Collection Univ. of Michigan.

' Collection Amcr. Mus. Nat. Hist.

< Collection Victoria Mem. Mus. ; approaching caligata.

' "A rctomya okanaganii ' ' on plate.

1915.]

MABMOTA CALIGATA GROUP.

65

Type locality. — Gold Range, British Columbia.

Distribution. — Gold and Selkirk Ranges, British Columbia, and
probably main range of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta from Banff
to Hemy House ; exact limits unknown.

Characters. — Similar in color to oxytona, but averaging a little
whiter; skull similar to that of caligata.

Color. — Upperparts much as in oxytona, but averaging whiter
(some specimens almost as pale as caligata, but tail darker); under-
fur fuscous, shading to clove brown; fore back white, hinder back
cinnamon-buff, more or less overlaid with black; sides of face cinna-
mon mixed with white; feet blackish brown, the hind feet grizzled
with cinnamon; tail above, deep cinnamon (sometimes mixed with
hazel) bordered -with blackish brown, the bases of the hairs light
chestnut-brown; beneath, blackish brown or dark chestnut-brown;
underparts soUed whitish mixed with dull cinnamon.

Slcull. — Similar to that of caligata, but averaging shghtly larger,
with narrower rostrum and postorbital constriction; nasals shorter,
usually terminating httle if any posterior to ends of premaxillae. Com-
pared with oxytona: Decidedly shorter and relatively broader; brain-
case less elongated and distance from tip of postorbital process to
squamosal arm of zygoma much less.

Measurements. — Adult male : ^ Total length, 670-754 (average, 694) ;
tan vertebrae, 202-218 (212) ; hind foot, 91-106 (98). Adult female : ^
659-735 (695); 202-224 (212); 93-103 (94). Slcull: Adult male: ^
Condylo-basal length, 95-100 (97.7); palatal length, 53.4-57.4 (55.5);
postpalatal length, 37-38.1 (37.8); length of nasals, 37-40.5 (38.9);
zygomatic breadth, 64.8-G7 (66.2); breadth across mastoids, 45.2-46
(45.6); least interorbital breadth, 24.9-27 (25.7); breadth of rostrum,
23-25.2 (24.2) ; maxillary tooth row, 21.9-22.7 (22.4). Adult female : *
Condylo-basal length, 94.4-97.6 (96.4); palatal length, 53.5-55.3
; (54.5); postpalatal length, 36-38.7 (37.3); length of nasals, 38-40.3
(39); zygomatic breadth, 62.2-66.3 (64.4); breadth across mastoids,
42.2-45.5 (43.7); least interorbital breadth, 21.9-24.9 (23.7); breadth
li of rostrum, 21-23.3 (21.9); maxillary tooth row, 21.4-22.4 (22).

RemarTcs. — This race apparently has a rather limited distribution,
l)ut its characters are well marked. It is not in any way inter-
mediate between oxytona and nivaria, as might be expected from its
geographic position, for, while it agrees with the former in color, its
-kuU is much smaller than in either and more nearly resembles that
'>f caligata. It is very much darker in color than nivaria, the dift'er-
uices being especially noticeable in the 3"0ung.

1 Four specimens from Selkirk Range, British Columbia .

2 Six specimens from same localities.

8 Tliree specimens from Glacier and Nelson, British Columbia.
< Five specimens from same localities.

091G8°— lo 5

66

NORTH ARllil{10A^' l-'AUNA.

I No. ;!-.

King, ill uumini^ iho species in 1836, gave nti excellent description
tmti Jigiuo of the luumal, based on two living indiA^iduals which had
been brouglit from the Okanogan region to Norway Honse, Canada.
These were later presented by King to the Zoological Gardens in
London, where they were seen by Audul)on, and after the death of
tlie animals the skins served as the basis of the fignre of tlie lioary
marmot in his ' ' Quadrupeds of North America.' ' The type specimen ,
as I am informed by Oldfield Thomas, is still in the British Museum
collection (No. 55.12.24.126) and agrees in every detail with tlu*
original description. The skull i)robably (not certainly) belonging to
tJie skin is so diseased by menagerie life as to be of no use for com-
l)arison.

The origmal description is so complete and agrees so well witJi tlie
form occurring in the Selkirks that I have no hesitation m fixhig tlie
tyY>Q locality ui the Gold Range — the first range to the eastward of
Shuswap Lake — where it is likely the type whs secured.^

S'pemnens examined. — Total number, 18, as follows:

Alberta: Henry House (mountaina 15 miles south), 2.

British. Columbia: Field, 2;^ Glacier, 7; Spillimacheen River, 3;^ Toad Moun-
taiu (6 miles south of Nelson), 4.

MARMOTA CALIGATA NIVARIA Howell.
Montana Hoary Marmot.
(PI. X, fig. 2; PI. XII, fig. 4.)
Marmota caligaia nivaria Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIl, 1914, p. 17.

Type locality. — Mountams near Upper St. Marys Lake, Mont,
(altitude, 6,100 feet).

Distribution. — Upper slopes (at and above timberlhio) of high
mountains of northwestern Montana and of Bitterroot and Salmon
River Mountains, Idaho (limits of range imperfectly known).

Characters. — Whitest member of the group, being vexy much
whiter than either olcanagana or oxytona; similar in size and skull
characters to oxytona.

Color. — Adults: Fore part of back (to middle) snowy white, spar-
ingly grizzled with black, the underfur dark liair-brown; lunder back
I>inkish cinnamon or cimiamon-buff mixed with black and white,
the underfur bone brown; top of head black, mucli mLxed with white
and with a large white patch across face in front of eyes; sides of face
brownish, mixed with white and cinnamon-bufF ; fore feet black with

1 King defines tlie type region as follows: " In a small tract of country, on the borders of the Rocky Moun-
talrw, lying between the Columbia and Fraser Rivers, these anlmala are found in abundance, supplying
with food and clothing the Olcanagan Indiana, whose territory Is bounded to tlie north by the Seechwap
Lake, and to the south by the Spokane River * * *." (King, R. Narr. Jouiti. to Shores of Arctic
Ocean, II, 1S.'J6, p. 241.)

" (Collection Victoria Mem. Mus.

'■> Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

1915.]

MARMOTA CALIGATA GEOUP.

67

wliite patches; hind feet black, more or less mixed with cinnamon;
underparts white, sparingly mixed on abdomen with cinnamon-buff;
tail above, mixed pinkish cinnamon and chestnut-brown; beneath
clove brown or blackish brown. Young (specimen from Elk Summit,
Idaho) ; Nearly pure white above, shading to cinnamon-buff on hinder
back; the underfur dark mouse gray; tail cinnamon-buff fringed at
tip with blackish bro'v^m, the bases of hairs hair-brown; feet and top
of head fuscous-black.

STcuU. — ^(KjQown only from females.) Closely similar to that of
oxytona, possibly averaging a little shorter ; much larger and relatively
narrower than that of okanagana, with broader rostrum.

Measurements. — Young adult male from type locality: Total length,
755; tail vertebrae, 250; hind foot, 110. Adult female: ^ 700-820
(average, 751); 200-245 (224); 95-113 (105). STcull: Adult female:^
Condylo-basal length, 99.5-106.5 (102); palatal length, 58-61.4

(59.4) ; postpalatal length, .37.5-39.6 (38.2); length of nasals, 40.6-
43.9 (42.2); zygomatic breadth, 64-66.6 (65.7); breadth across
mastoids, 44.8-45.7 (45.5); least interorbital breadth, 23.3-27,2

(25.5) ; breadth of rostrum, 21.6-25 (23); maxillai-y tooth row,
22.2-24.4 (22.9).

RemarJcs. — This race widely differs in color from its nearest rela-
tives, okanagana and oxytona, being even whiter than caligata. The
characters are strikingly shown by young specimens which are
almost pure white except on the hinder back and tail. Additional
material is needed to determine the exact range of the form and the
cranial characters of the males.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 14, as follows:

Idaho: Bitterroot Mountains (headwaters of Clearwater River), 3; Elk Summit,

Salmon River Mountains, 2.
Montana: Upper St. Marys Lake (mountains near), 9.

MARMOTA CALIGATA CASCADENSIS Howell.
Cascade Hoary Marmot.
(PL X, fig. 1; PI. XV, fig. 4.)
Marmota caligata cascadensis Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 1914, p. 17.

Type locality. — Mount Rainier, Wash, (altitude, 6,000 feet).

Distribution. — Cascade Range (at and above timberline) from
Mount Rainier, Wash., north to southern British Columbia.

Characters. — Size large (equaling olympus and oxytona; larger than
caligata) ; color similar to that of caligata, but head and feet usually
browner and underparts darker; skull similar to that of oxytona
but relatively broader, much larger than that of either caligata or
okanagana.

1 Four specimens from type locality.

68

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

I No. ;i7.

Color. — Fore ptirt oi back white or cren.ni}'^ wliite, s])arin<^l-\' (ipixMl
with vanclyko. brown, tlie bases of t]u> liairs with a broad ar(\a of iJie
hvlter color; hinder l)ack more extensively sliaded with brown and
sometimes tmged witli cinnamon-buff; head and face Vandyke
brown or blackish brown, often witJi a. wliite ]iate]i in front
of eyes; sides of face and iieck brownisji, tinged with ciTinanioii
or bulf^'^ white; feet l)lackis]i brown, often mixed witli cinnamon:
tail ciimamon-buir mixed with Vandyke brown, becoming (m som(^
specimens) dark cliestnut-brown below; mideri)arts mixed grayisji
white and blackisli brown in varying pro])ortions, faintly tinged with
])ale cinnamon-buff.

Slcull. — Similar to that of oxytona, but relatively broader across
z}^gomata and interorbital region; decidcdl}^ larger than that of its
nearest neighbor, okanagana, with broader postorbital constriction;
compared with nivaria it is sliorter, witli the zygomata more Avidely
ex])anded and the ])remaxillae narrower.

Measurements. — ^Adult male:^ Total length, 710-785 (average,
749); tail vertebrae, 205-252 (232); hind foot,,98-112 (102). Adult
female: 2 680-765 (714); 195-247 (219); 94-107 (99). Shall: Adult
male: ' Condylo-basal length, 106.2-107 (106.6); palatal length,
61.6-62.7 (62.2); postpalatal length, 39-40 (39.5); length of nasals,
42-44.5 (43.3); zygomatic breadth, 69.2-69.8 (69.5); breadth across
mastoids, 48.5-49.2 (48.9); least interorbital bj-eadth, 27.1-29 (28);
breadth of rostrum, 24.5-24.7 (24.6); maxillary tooth row, 22.3-24.1
(23.2). Adult female: < Condylo-basal length, 95.4-102.5 (98.8);
palatal length, 56.3-59 (57.7); postpalatal length, 34.6-39 (37.7);
length of nasals, 37.8-44 (41.7); zygomatic breadth, 64.2-68.4 (65.8);
breadth across mastoids, 44.9-49.4 (46.7); least interorbital breadth,
22.5-24.6 (23.8); breadth of rostrum, 19.3-22.7 (21.2); maxillary
tooth row, 21-23.2 (22.1).

RemarTcs. — The Cascade hoary marmot differs from both okanagana
and oxytona in whiter and browner (less black) coloration above; from
nivaria in much more dusky colors, both above and below; and from
caligata in much larger size and darker coloration. It is widely dif-
ferent from olympus, both in color and cranial characters. It is appar-
ently isolated from all the other forms of the group, and no absolute
intergrades have been examined, but the characters separating it
from the forms of caligata are so shght that it seems best to regard it
sisi a subspecies of the latter.

' Four specimens from Mount Ualnler and Cascade River, Wash.
' Six Bpetimcns from Hame localitlM.

> Two specimens from Ca-scade itlvor, Wasli., and Mount Baker Ruiine, UrKisli Columbia.
* Seven siJecimcns from Cascade Kaiigc, Wash., and Mount IJaker Kange, Urillsh Columbi;i.

1915.]

MARMOTA.CALIGATA GROUP.

69

Specimens examined. — Total iiTimber, 50, as follows :

British Columbia: Chilliwack (mountains near), 1; ^ Hope, 1; ^ Howe Sound
(near head), 3;' Mount Baker Range (near United States boundary), 8;'
Skagit River (mountains near head), 6; Spences Bridge, 1; * Tamnii Hy
Mountain, 2.'

Washington: Camp Chiloweyuck, 2; Cascade River (near head), 8; Easton
(mountains near), 1; Mount Rainier, 7; "Northwest boundary- survey"
(probably Mount Baker Range), 10.

MARMOT A OLYMPUS (Merriam).

Olympic Marmot.

(PI. II, fig. 1; PL IX, fig. 1; PI. XV, fig. 1.)

Arctomys olympus Merriam, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1898, p. 352.
[Marmota] olympus Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl., 1904, p. 344.

Type locality. — Head of Soleduck River, Olympic Mountains,
Wash, (at timberline) .

Distribution. — Upper slopes of the Olympic Mountains, Wash.,
above timberline (from about 4,000 feet altitude to near summits of
peaks) .

Characters. — Size large (about equaling M. caligata cascadensis);
color in fresh pelage brownish drab mixed with white; feet brown;
skull with broad rostrum and interorbital region.

Color. — Fresh pelage:^ General tone brownish drab, more or less
mixed with white hairs; underfur between hair-brown and benzo
brown, becoming pale drab-gray at tips; long hairs glossy blackish
brown mixed with more or less pure white ones; top and sides of
head blackish brown, with a broad, white patch in front of eyes;
sides of nose. Hps, and chin white; legs brownish drab shading
to blackish brown on the feet; tail clove brown, tipped with light
pinkish cinnamon; underparts brownish drab mixed with white (or
solid soiled whitish) . Worn summer pelage: General tone of upper-
parts pinkish buff, varied with russet, the bases of hairs bister; feet
chestnut-brown; tail above, pinkish buff or cinnamon-buff, mixed with
sniiff brown; beneath, snuff brown to chestnut-brown. Young (half-
grown August specimens) : General tone of upperparts grayish
broMH, becoming cinnamon on rump; imderfur hair-browii at base,
tipped on fore back with white, and on hinder back and rump with
cimiamon or cinnamon-buff; top and sides of head and fore legs bister;
feet dark clove brown; underparts hght clove browTi mixed with white
or pale buff.

'Collection Victoria Mem. Mils.
'Collection Mua. Comp. Zool.

• Including five in Mus. Comp. Zool.

* Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

" * No specimens in full winter pelage have been seen; description from August specimens just beginning
to acquire the fall pelage.

70

NORTH AMERICAN KATNA.

I No. -M.

SknU. — Similar to that of cascademis but relatively narrower
across zygomata and broader between orbits and across rostrum;
postorbital constriction narrower: nasal branches of premaxillae
narrower than nasals at posterior end.

^^easurcments. — Adult male: ' Total length, 720-750 (average,
740); tail vertebrae, 210-237 (219); hind foot, 100-110 (lOG). Adult
female: = 670-690 (680); 180-192 (186): 91-100 (95.5). SknU:
Adult malc:^ Condylo-basal length, 105-109.8 (106.1); palatal
length, 60-63 (61.1); postpalatal length, 39.6-42 (40.6); length of
nasals, 40.6-46 (43.7); zygomatic breadth, 64.8-67.1 (65.6); breadth
across mastoids, 46.2-47.3 (47); least interorbital breadth, 27.5-
31.2 (29.8); breadth of rostrum, 24.5-27.7 (25.8); maxillary tooth
row, 21.5-24.2 (23.1). Adult female: ' Condylo-basal length, 99.5;
palatal length, 58; postpalatal length, 37.5; length of }iasals, 41.5;
zygomatic breadth, 64.3; breadth across mastoids, 43.7; least inter-
orbital breadth, 26.5; breadth of rostrum, 24.6; maxillary tooth
row, 22.5.

Remarks. — The Olympic marmot is one of the largest members of
the caligata group, about equaling in external measurements casca-
densis and oxytona. Its skull averages about the size of that of
cascadensis, but the largest male skull of olympus is longer than any
other American marmot skull examined. In color the species is
decidedly browner than any of the forms of caligata, though not
nearly so brown as vancouverensis . The black colors of caligata have
almost entirely disappeared, but some of the white haixs remain.

This species is confined to the high mountains of the Olympic
Peninsula and is geogi-aphicaUy isolated from its nearest relative,
cascadensis.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 17, as follows:

Washington: Happy Lake, Olympic Mountaina, 7; ^ Mount Ellinor, Mount
Steel, 4; Soled uck River (near head\ Olympic Mountains, 3.

MARMOTA VANCOUVERENSIS Swarth.

Vancouver Island Marmot.

(PI. IX, fig. 3; PI. XV, fiR. 2.)

Marmota vancouverensis Swartli, Univ. of California Pub. Zool., VII, 1911, p. 201;
X, 1912, p. 89.

Type locality. — Mount Douglas, Vancouver Island, British Colum-
bia (altitude, 4,200 feet).

' Throe epecimens from Olympic Monniains, Wash.
» Two Hpccimens from samo locality.
' Five .'jpocimen.'i from .same locality.
« One spcfjimen from same locality.
' Collection Field Mvw. Nat. Hist.

1015.]

MAEMOTA CALIGATA GROUP.

71

Distribution. — Vancouver Island, British Columbia; apparently not
generally distributed, and known at present only from "the moun-
tains at the head of China Creek, some 20 miles south of Alberni, in
the Golden Eagle Basin, and King Solomon Basin, and on the sur-
rounding slopes and ridges." ^

Cliaracters. — Size of J/, caligata cascadensis; color uniformly dark
brown; skull relatively narrow with peculiarly shaped nasals.

Color. — Entire body, legs, and tail dark vaiidyke brown, the
underfur being of the same color, the long haii-s more blackish and
glossy; sides of nose and chin soiled whitish; underparts sometimes
irregularly blotched with white, and back rarely with a few scat-
tering white hairs; feet glossy blackish brown. In worn pelage the
upperparts and tail fade to sayal brown or clay color.

STcull. — Similar to that of cascadensis, but smaller and relatively
narrower; zygomata less widely expanded; premaxillae relatively
wider; nasals deeply emarginate posteriorly, the f rentals projecting
forward and forming a V-shaped notch between nasals; incisors
white or yellowish white.

Measurements.— KdvAi male Total length, 660-710 (average,
684); tail vertebrae, 200-300 (222); hind foot, 90-102 (98.4). Adult
female: 3 680-720 (700); 210-240 (225); 100-105 (102.5). Slull:
Mult male:-* Condjdo-basal length, 98-103.2 (99.9); palatal length,
57-59.5 (57.8); postpalatal length, 36.5-39.5 (37.8); length of nasals,
40-42.7 (41.4); zygomatic breadth, 64.2-65.5 (64.7); breadth across
mastoids, 45.7-47 (46.1); least interorbital breadth, 23.2-24.4 (24);
breadth of rostrum, 22-24 (22.9); maxillary tooth row, 23.6-24.7
(24.1). Adult female:'^ Condylo-basal length, 93.7-96.6 (95.2);
palatal length, 54-54.3 (54.2); postpalatal length, 35.2-37.5 (36.3);
length of nasals, 39-39.6 (39.3); zygomatic breadth, 61.6-62.6 (62.1);
breadth across mastoids, 44; least interorbital breadth, 21.7-23

(22.3) ; breadth of rostrum, 21.5-21.6; maxillary tooth row, 23.1-23.7

(23.4) .

RemarJcs. — This peculiar marmot, although clearly related to the
mainland species {caligata) has, through isolation, developed striking
charactei's, both external and cranial. The tendency of isolated
coastal forms in this group to become brown (shown in a lesser
degree by M. caligata vigilis and M. olympus) has reached the greatest
extreme in this species, the black coloi-s of the mainland forms being
entirely lacking and the white reduced to scattering liairs.

1 Swarth, H. S. Loc. cit., X, 1912, p. 89.

2 Five spscimens fi-om vicinity of type locality.

3 Two specimens from vicinity of type locality.
* Fom ."^cimens from vicinity of type locality.

72

NOKI II A.\l KUICAN l Al N A.

INi). ;i7.

Aflor 11 soa.son's exploration of tlui soutlioru \n\vi, of VaiicouvtM'
Island. Swarth came to the conclusion that the spocios is probably
conlinoil to a small area in tbo vicinity of Mount Douglas. Ilo states:

Wo found tlu-m iu llu^ mountains at flu; hoacl of China Croek, somo 20 miles eoutli
of Alborni. in the Golden Eajjlo Basin, and King Solomon Bayin, and on the kim-
roundins; slojios and lidfjOf). Thoy woio most abundant on Mount Doiiijlas, the peak
(o the W'o.'^t of Kin;,' Solomon'.-* Ha.sin. Whoiovor the };iound was bare of timber, or
but sparsely covered, as is the case over extensive areas at this point, the marmots
had established themselves, burrowing; under the rocks, and apijarenlly never wander-
ing very far from homo. * * * Thoir extreme v.arinoss is correlated with ron-
spicuousness, for the dark brown pelage shows in marked contrast against either gray
rocks or green grass. * * * They whistled but seldom, onh- one or two Ixnng
heard during the three weeks we spent in their territory.'

None was found in apparently suitable situations on Mount Arrow-
smith, and certain timber cruisers who ha<l explored the wilder parts
of the island stated that thoy had novor seen a n\armot.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 1 1 as follows: ''

British Columbia: Golden Eagle Ba.sin, 1; ICing Solomon Basin, 3; Mount
Douglas, 7.

Cranial Measurements of the Marmota caligata Group.

No.

131440
131441
131442

'JS154
131444
128069

98153
135161

» 418
<427
97952
97953

137319
*962
<961
«969
<960

Species and lucalify.

Marmota cnlUjata caligata.

Becharof Lake, Alaska .
.do

.do.

White Pass, Alaska

Becharof Lake, Alaska

do

While Pa,s3, Alaska

Head of Coal Creek, Yukon.

Marmota caligata vigilh.

Glacier Bay, -Vlaska

.do.

.do.
.do.

Marmola caligata nheldoni.
Montague Island, Alaska

.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.

9?)

9

9

6

•o

a

o
O

99
96.

100.0 57.4
100

56.8,36.8 38.4
4

36.5 41.
38. 2 42.

.57,7137.8143
92, 8 53 I35. 8:38
96. 41,53, 9j38 |39.
88,9 51 ;i3.5l40.
94 .53,9.36 ,38

9 62

97,2

97. 3 54

98. 4 55

93! 7 51, 6 37. 7 39. 6 61

8 .30. 7 38
.737.8 41,4
538

89,5.51.2 34,3 35

96,6
96
92.3
88.7

. 4j3(:
,54,5 37
.52, 2 34,8
,50,2134

..8(

3 .

68

64.7 44

3 67. 8
65. 2
63. 4

1 64. 1

5

46,2 27

44

44,2 23,4
43,
43
40

62,3 43.

43,

64,8 43,:

61,5
63
13,4

4 61,5 41,5

59,4

41.5 67,7 44,6

,842.324,521.322

41
42.3
42,4

39,

■a
s

M

O

CO

6 26.

3 24

2 24.
23.
22.

3 24

5 22
2 24
20

3 22,

5 20,
23, 5 21.
23.8 21.
23.2 21
22, 2 20.

122

22. 3
8 24.123^8
23.6 23,4
9
.5

22
21.7

3 22.
9 24.
120
22.1

6 21
,2 22

921,
6 22,

.122.3
21.8
23. 5 22. 5

5 22,

.5
1
4

22.2

8

6 23,
8 22

5 21

Remarks

Adult.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do,
Do.
Do,
Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do,

Do.
Do,
Do,
Do,
Do,

1 Swartli, II. S. Univ. of California Pul)I, Zool., X, 1912, pp. 89-90.

2 All in collfction Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.

> All about 2i» milts .south of Albemi, Britlah Columbia, within a radius of 10 mile.s.
* Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of Calitomia.

1915.]

MAEMOTA CALIGATA GBOUP.
Cranial measurements of the Marmota caligata group — Continued.

73

Species and locality.

Marmota caligata ozijtona.

Moose Forks, British Columbia.

Sustut Mountains, Brit. Col

Lake Thudade, Brit. Col

Level Movrntain, Brit. Col

Head of Smokv River, Alberta.
....do ."

Marmota caligata oTcanagam.

Glacier, British Columbia.

do

Nelson, British Columbia.
Glacier, British Columbia.

do

do

Marmota caligata nivaria.

St. Marys Lake, Mont .
do

.do.
-do.

Marmota caligata caicadensis.

"Washington - British Columbia

boundarv.
Head of Cascade River, Wash . .
Mount Baker Ran?e, Brit. Col..
Head of Cascade River, Wash. .

Mount Rainier, Wash

do

Marmota olympus.

Olympic Mountains, Wash

do

do

do

Marmota vancouverensis.

Vancouver Island, Brit. Col

do

do

do

do

do

<?
c?

9

4
a

101

102

107.4

105

101.8

104.6

95
100
98.1
96
97.6
94.4

106.5

101

101

99.5

57

58.6

62.5

59

56.5

61.2

107

106.2

101

102.5

98.0

95

105

105.3

109

99,

98

98.2
100.4
103.2

93.7

96.6

53.4
57.4
55.7
54.4
55.3
53.3

61.4

58
59
59

62.7

40
39.5
40.2
41

41.1
36.4

37

37.3

38.1

37

38.7

36

41.5
42.7
45.3
42.3
43.6
41

37

40.5

39.3

40,

38.6

38

39.6
37.8
37.8
37.5

40

61.6 39
59 37.7

58.7 39

56. 8 38
50.3,38.4

60.2
61.«

63
58

40.2
39.6
42

37,

57 37
.57. 2 36. 5
57. 7j38
59. 5 39
54 35.2
54.3 37.5

o

■3

62.8
66
67.4
5

65.3
66.2

44.2

46.5

48.3

47

45.9

47.3

67

64.8

64

66.

65

41.2'66.6

4.3.9,66.3
43 165.8
0.6:64

44.569.2

i

42 169.8
43.2:65.6
44 68.4
41. 6 66. 2
43.9 66.7

25

25.8

25.7

25.7

25.4

26.7

45.

46

45.2

43.7

45,

42.9

45.7
45.6
44.8
45.7

40,

40

42.4

42.7

39

39.6

48.5

49.2
47.6
49.4
46.7
47.8

64.8
65.1
7.1

64.3

64.2
64.5
6.5.5
61.6
62.6

47.3
47.3
47.3
43.7

24.9

27

25. 3

23.5

21.9

24.6

23

22.2

23.6

24.8

23

23.3

23

25.2

24.4

21

21.9

22

23

23.3

22

22.7

22.7

22.7
22.5
21.9
22.1
21.4

23.3 22.3

27.2 25 22.8
26.123.4 22.2
25. 4 21. 6 24. 4

23.3 22 22.3

27.1

24.7

24.5

24.1
22.3

29

23.3 21.8 21
23.122.7,23.2
24.3 20.7 22.1
22.5:21 22.3

27.5 24.6 22.9
31.2 26.3 21.5
31.127.7j23.7
26.5 24.6 22.5

47

45.7

46

45.8

44

44

..24
23. 2 22
24. 4 '22. 6
24.3'23.2
21.7 21.5
23 21.6

23.7
24.3
23.6
24.7
23.7
23.1

1 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

2 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.

3 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.

< Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE II.
[Much reduced.)

Fig. 1. Marmota olympus, S adult, Olympic Mountains, Wash., (altitude 5,000 feet),
Aug. 28, 1897. (No. 92768, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Siu-vey collection.)
2. Marmota Jlavivenfns obsciira, ^ adidt, Wheeler Peak, N. Mex. (altitude 12,400
feet), July 27, 1904. (No. 133506, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey
collection.)

PLATE III.
[Natural size.)

Fig. 1. Marmota caligata oxytona. Klappan Mountain, British Columbia. (No. 170-
683, V. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

2. Marmota Jlaviventris Jlaviventris. Siunmer Lake, Or^. (No. 89311, U. S.

Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

3. Marmota monax prehlorum. Wobum, Mass. (No. 78358, U. S. Nat. Mufl.,

Biological Survey collection.)

PLATE IV.
[Tliree-fourths natural size.)

Fig. 1. Marmota Jlaviventris dacoia, S adult, Bridger Pass, Wyo. (No. 25529, U. S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

2. Marmota monax monax, c? adult, Peaks of Otter, Va. (No. 143962, U. S.

Nat. Mus.)

3. Marmota caligata oxytona, c? adult. Lake Thudade, British Columbia. (No.

202791, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

4. Marmota Jlaviventris sierrae, ? adult, head of San Joaquin River, Cal. (No.

41950, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

5. Marmota monax rufcsccns, <S adult. Lake George, N. Y. (No. 67695, U. S.

Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

6. Marmota caligata caligata, [tf ?] adult, Becharof Lake, Alaska. (No. 131437,

U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

Plate V.

[Three-fourths natural size.)

Fig. 1. Marmota monax monax, ^ adult. Peaks of Otter, Va. (No. 143962, TJ. S.
Nat. Mus.)

2. Martmlxi inx)nax ru/escens, c? adult (type). Elk River, Minn. (No. 186521,

U. S. Nat Mus., Merriam coUoctiou.)

3. Ma'rrnota monax -prehlorum, ^ adult, Wilmington, Mass. (No. 78355, U. S.

Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

4. Marmota monax ignava, d a<lult, ly'Anse au Loup, Labrador. (No. 8871, Mm

Com p. Zool.)

74

1916.]

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

75

Plate VI.

[Three-fourths natural size.)

Fig. 1. Marmota Tnonax canadensis, <? adult, Murray Bay, Quebec. (No. 7603, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist.)

2. Marmota monax petrensis, c? adult (type), Revelstoke, British. Colxunbia,

(No. 203532, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

3. Marmota monax ochracea, [c? ?] subadult, Babine Mountains, British Columbia.

(No. 202785, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

4. jlfamoto^m-yenfmwarrem, 9 adult (type), Crested Butte, Colo. (No. 202937,

U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

Plate VII.

[Three-fourths natural size.J

Fig. 1. Marmota Jlaviventris Jlaviventris, S adidt, Donner, Cal. (No. 100532, U. S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

2. Marmjota Jlaviventris parvula, 9 adult (type), Jefferson, Nev. (No. 93690, U. S.

Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

3. Marmota Jlaviventris avara, ^ adidt, Okanogan, British Columbia. (No. 99759,

U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

4. Marmota Jlaviventris engelhardti, ? adult. Beaver Mountains, Utah. (No.

158978, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection).

Plate VIII.
[Three-fourths natural siz«.]

Fig. 1. Marmota flaviventris nosophora, J adult, Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho.
(No. 156924, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

2. Marmota Jlaviventris luteola, [<f ?] adult. Mount Lincoln, Colo. (No. 175, Mue.

Comp. Zool.)

3. Marmota Jlaviventris dacota, $ adult, Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo. (No.

65920, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

4. Marmota Jlaviventris obscura, S adult. Wheeler Peak, N. Mex. (No. 135504,

U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

PLATE IX.

[Three-fourths natural size.)

Fig. 1. Marmota olympus, S adult, Olympic Mountains, Wash. (No. 6325, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist.)

2. Marmota caligata oxytona, S adult, Lake Thudade, British Columbia. (No.

202791, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

3. Marmota Vancouver ensis, J adult, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. (No.

12091, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.)

4. Marmota caligata caligata, [cJ ?] adult, near Portage Bay, Alaska. (No.

131440, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[No. «7.

PLATE X.
[Three-fourths natural size.]

1. Marmota caMgata cascadensis, adult, head of Cascade River, Wash. (No.

42793, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

2. Marmota caligata nivaria, $ adult, St. Marys Lake, Mont. (No. 72222,

U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

3. Marmola caligata okanagaiia, ^ adult, Glacier, British Columbia. (No. 67078,

U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Svirvey collection.)

4. Marmota ailigata oxytona, ? adult (type), Head of Smoky River, Alberta.

No. 174503,U. S. Nat. Mus.)

PLATI<: XI.

[Tlu-ee-foui'lhs luilural .size.]

1. Marmota monax monax, ^ adult. Peaks of Otter, Va. (No. 143962, U. S.

Nat. Mus.)

2. Marmota monax rufescens, d adult (type). Elk River, Minn. (No. 186521,

U. S. Nat. Mua., Merriam collection.)

3. Marmota monax preblorum, cT adult, Wilmington, Mass. (No. 78355, U. S.

Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

4. Marmota monax canadensis, d adult, Murray Bay, Quebec. (No. 7603, Field

Mua. Nat. Hist.)

PLATE XII.
[Three-fourths natui-al size.]

1. Marmota monax ignavu, adult, L'Anse au Loup, Labrador. (No. 8871, Mus.

Comp. Zool.)

2. Marmota flaviventriswarreni, ^ adult (type), Crested Butte, Colo. (No. 202937,

U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

3. Monaota monax ochracea, ?] snbadult, Babine Mountains, British Columbia.

(No. 202785, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

4. Marmota caligata nivaria, $ adult, St. Marys Lake, Mont. (No. 72222,

U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

PLATE XIII.
[Thi-ec-foui'ths natural size.]

. 1. Marmota Jlaviventris flaviventris, c? adult, Donner, Gal. (No. 100532, U. S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

2. Marmota flaviventris parvula, $ adult (type), Jefferson, Nev. (No. 9.'ifi90,

U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

3. Marmota flaviventris avara, adult, Okanogan, British Columbia. (No. 99759,

U. B. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

4. Manrtota flaviventris engeUuirdti , 9 adult, Beaver Mountains, Utah. (No.

158978. U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

1915.]

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

77

PLATE XIV.
[Three-fourths natural size.)

Fig. 1. Mannota flaviventris nosophora, c? adult, Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho.
(No. 156924, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

2. Marmota flaviventris dacota, <? adult, Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo. (No.

65920, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey coUectiou.)

3. Marmota flaviventris luteola, [S ?] adult. Mount Lincoln, Colo. (No. 175,

Mus. Comp. Zool.)

4. Marmota flaviventris obscura, S adult, Wheeler Peak, N.Mex. (No. 135504,

U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

PLATE XV.
[Three-fourths natural size.]

Fig. 1. Marmota olympv.s, ^ adult, Olympic Mountains, Wash. (No. 6325, Field
Mus. Nat. Hiet.)

2. Marmota Vancouver emis, c? adult, Vancouver Island, British Columbia^

(No. 12091, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.)

3. Marmota caligata caligata, [c? ?] adult, near Portage Bay, jVlaska. (No. 131440^

U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

4. Marmota caligata cascadensis, (f adult, head of Cascade River, Wash. (No,

42793, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)

North American Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.

Plate II.

Skins of (1) Marmota olympus and (2) M. flaviventris obgcura, Showing Molt.

North Amorican Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept. A^rr. Biological Survey.

Plate III.

North American Fauna No. 37, U. S, Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.

Plate IV.

North American Fauna No. 37, U, S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.

Plate V.

Skulls of Marmota.

1. M. monax monax. 3. JI. irionax prcblonim.

2. M. monax rufeseens. 4. M. monax ignava.

North American Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.

Plate VI.

North Amoricnn Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.

Plate VII.

Skulls of Marmota.

1 M flaviventris flaviventris. 3. M. flaviveiitris avara.

2. M. UavivontriH parvula. 4. M. flavivc-iitris engelhardti.

North American Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept. Agr, Biological Survey.

Plate VIII.

Skulls of Marmota.

1. M. flaviventris nosophora. 3. M. flaviventris dacota.

2. M. flaviventris luteola. 4. M. flaviventris obscura.

North American Fauna No. 37. U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.

Plate IX.

Skulls of Marmota.

1. M. olvrnpus. M. vancouveren.'iis.

2. M. ca'ligata oxytona. 4. SI. caligata caligata.

North American Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.

Plate X.

1. M. caligata cascadensls. 3. M. caliguta okanagana.

2. M. caligata nivaria. 4. M. caligata oxytona.

Noilh American Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept. A.cr. Biological Survey.

Plate XI,

Skulls of Marmota.

1. M. monax monux. 3. M. monax preblonim.

2. M. monax rufescens. 4. M. monax canadon.sis.

North American Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept Agr. Biological Survey.

Plate XII.

Skulls of Marmota.

1. M. monax ignava. 3. M. monax ochracea.

2. M. flaviventris warreni. 4. M. ealigata nivaria.

North Amoricnn Fauni No, 37, U, S. Dopt. ^f.'■ Biolopicnl Survoy.

Plate XIII.

1. M. flavivcntris (liivivoiitriM. ;;. .M. lliivivcufriH iiviirii.

2. M. fiuvlventris purvula. 4. M. Ilavivciitris cDKi llmrdtl,

North American Fauna No, 37, U. S. Dppt. Agr. Biological Survey,

Plate XV.

Skulls of Marmota.

1. M. olyniiJiis. li. M. caligiita caligata.

2. M. vaneouvereiisis. 4. M. caligata cascudensis.

INDEX.

[New names in bold-face type; synonyms in italics.]

A.

alpina, Marmota, 18.
Arctomys, genus, 18.

avarus, 41,

brachyurus, 40.

caligata, 59.

caligatus, 59.

canadensis, 30.

dacota, 49.

empetra, 30.

flaviventer, 39, 49, 50.

ignavus, 29.

Tnelanojms, 30.

moMix, 22.

dkanaganii, 64.

okanaganus, 64.

Olympus, 69.

pruinosa, 59.

pruinosus, 59, 64.

siftiZo, 30.
avsura, Marmota flaviventris, 41-42.
avarus, Arctomys flaviventer , 41.

dracAyjirMi, .(4rc(omy«, 40.

C.

caligata, Arctomys, 59.

Marmota, 57.

Marmota caligata, 59-61.

Marmotta, 59.
caligatus, Arctomys, 59.
canadensis, Arctomys, 30.

£?Z!>, 30.

Marmota monax, 30-32.
eascadensis, Marmota caligata, 67-^,

D.

docoto, Arctomys, 49.

Marmota flaviventris, 49-^.
Distribution maps, caligata group, 58.

flaviventris group, 38.

monax group, 23.

E.

engelhardti, Marmota, 50.

Marmota flaviventris, 45-46.
empetra, Arctomys, 30.

Mus, 30.

F.

flaviventer, Arctomys, 39, 49, 50.

Marmota, 39, 50.
flaviventris, Marmota, 30.

Marmota flaviventris, 39-41.

Glis, genus, IS.

G.
I.

ignava, Marmota monax, 29-30.
ignavus, Arctomys, 29.

luteola, Marmota flaviventris, 50-52.

M.

Marmot, Black Hills, 49-50.

Cascade hoary, 67-69.

dusky, 53-55.

Engelhardt, 4>46.

glacier, 61-62.

golden-mantled, 46-49.

Montague Island, 62-63.

Montana hoary, 66-67.

Nevada, 44.

northern hoary, 59-61.

Okanagan hoary, 64-66.

Olympic, 69-70.

pallid yellow-bellied, 41-42.

park, 50-52.

Robson hoary, 63-64.

southern Sierra, 43-44.

Vancouver Island, 70-72.

Warren's, 52-53.

yellow-bellied, 39-41.
Marmota, genus, 18.

alpina, 18.

avara, 41-42.

caligata, 57, 59-61.

canadensis, 30-32.

eascadensis, 67-69.

dacota, 49-50.

engelhardti, 45-48.

engelhardti, 50.

flaviventer, 39, 60.

flaviventris, 36, 39-41.

ignava, 29-30.

luteola, 50-52.

marmota, 19.

monax, 21, 22-25.

nivaria, 66-67.

nosophora, 46-49.

obscura, 53-55.

ochracea, 34-35.

okanagana, 04-68.

Olympus, 69-70.

oxytona, 63-64.

parvula, 44-45.

petrensis, 33.

preblorum, 27-29.

nifescens, 25-27.

80

■KK'A.N KAUNA.

I No. 37.

Miirmota sheldoiii, fi3-63.
fibila,

slerrae, 43-11.

\-aucouvereJi«s, TO-7'2.

\ igilis, 01-62.

wam-ni, 52-53.
Mai motia caligaia, 59.
Mrasurement^, cranial, exi)lanation of, IS.

caligata group. 72.

ilaviventris group, 55.

mouax group, 35.
mtlanopus, Arclomys, 30.
monar, Arclomi/s. 22.

0;m, 22.

Marmota, 21.

Marmoia inonax. 22-25.

Mus, IS, 22.

N.

nivaria, Marinola caligata, 6t)-67.
nosophoni. Maruioto flaviventris, i6-i9.

O.

obsciira. Marmota flaviventris, 53-55.
ochracea, Marmota mona-x, 34-35.
okanagana, Maimota caligata, 64-66.
rikanaganii, A rctomys, 64.
okanaganwi, Arctomys, 64.
Olympus, Arclomys, 69.

Marmota, 69-70.
oxytona, Marmota caligata, (13-64.

r.

parwila, Miuinota fluvivontris, 44-45.
pctrcnsis, Marmota moua.'s, 33.
prelilorum, Marmoia inouax, 27-29.
pruinosa, Arclomys, 59.
pruinosus. Arctomys, 69, 64.

R.

rufo.scons, Mnrmoln nionax, 25-27.

S.

sheldoni, Marmota caligata, 02-63.
sibila, A rclomys, 30.

Marmota, 63.
slerrae, Marmota flaviventris, 43-44.

V.

vancouverensis, Mai'mota, 70-72.
vigilis, Marmota caligata, 61-62.

W.

warreni, Marmota flaviventris, 52-53.
Woodcliuck, Britisli Columbia, 33.

Canada, 30-32.

Labrador, 29-30.

New England, 27-29.

ochraccous, 34-35.

rufescent, 25-27.

southern, 22-25.

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